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MICROPARA > M5 PART 9 > Flashcards

M5 PART 9 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Long, slender, helically coiled, spiral, or corkscrew-shaped bacilli.
  • Has an outer sheath or glycosaminoglycan coating
  • Outer membrane which has peptidoglycan
  • Endoflagella (axial filaments) for corkscrew-like motility
  • An inner cytoplasmic membrane
  • A series of cytoplasmic tubules (body fibrils)
A

SPIROCHETES

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2
Q

SPIROCHETES

shape

A

helically coiled
spiral
corkscrew-shaped

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3
Q

SPIROCHETES

has an outher sheath or ____

A

glycosaminoglycan coating

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4
Q

SPIROCHETES

outer membrane has ____

A

peptidoglycan

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5
Q

SPIROCHETES

endoflagella for ____ motility

A

corkscrew-like motility

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6
Q
  • Slender spirals measuring about 0.2 µm in width and 5-15 um in length
  • They are not readily seen using an ordinary compound microscope
  • Stained by a silver impregnation method
  • Cannot be cultivated using artificial media
  • Rapidly immobilized and killed by trivalent arsenical, mercury, and bismuth
  • Cardiolipin is an important component of the treponemal antigens
  • Prepared using the modified Steiner silver stain method
A

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

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7
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

Stained by a ____

A

SILVER IMPREGNATION MEETHOD

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8
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

Rapidly immobilized and killed by

A

TRIVALENT ARSENICAL
MERCURY
BISMUTH

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9
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

an important component of the treponemal antigens

A

CARDIOLIPIN

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10
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

prepared using the modified ____

A

STEINER SILVER STAIN METHOD

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11
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | SEROLOGIC TESTS

  • Detects “reagin,” a non-specific antibody-like substance released during T. pallidum infections
  • Universally used because it is rapid and inexpensive
  • Disadvantage: False-positive results can occur with many other diseases (the test is non-specific)
  • Results: (+) – develop 2 – 3 weeks after untreated infection, (-) – develop 6 – 18 months, 3 years after effective treatment
A

NONTREPONEMAL TESTS

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12
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | SEROLOGIC TESTS

mixture of IgG and IgM antibody

A

REAGIN

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13
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | SEROLOGIC TESTS

  • specific
  • Measure antibodies against T. pallidumantigens;
  • Disadvantage: expensive and complicated
  • The test remains positive for life even after the treatment is done.
A

TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY TESTS

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14
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | NONTREPONEMAL TESTS

  • antigen with cardiolipin, cholesterol, & lecithin + antibody (comes from the patient) → flocculation, the antigen is made to react with an antibody with a serum or the CSF sample of the patient with the antibody to form a flocculation
  • microscopic
A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL]

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15
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | NONTREPONEMAL TESTS

  • macroscopic
  • flocculation, antigen has charcoal
  • modified version of the VDRL
A

Rapid Plasma Reagin [RPR]

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16
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | TREPONEMAL TESTS

most widely used; T. pallidum antigen with gelatin + antibodies → agglutination

A

T. pallidum-particle agglutination (TP-PA) test

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17
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | TREPONEMAL TESTS

  • These two methods use sheep erythrocytes or sheep blood cells
  • The RBCs are coated with treponemal antigen and they are made to react with the antibodies from the patient
A

T. pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA)
Microhemagglutination T. pallidum (MHA-TP)

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18
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | TREPONEMAL TESTS

the test uses indirect immunofluorescence to detect reactive antibodies, including killed T. pallidum and the patient’s serum

A

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed (FTA-ABS)

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19
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

disease

A

syphilis

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20
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

transmission

A

sexually transmitted

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21
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • Presents with “hard chancre,” painless
  • Infectious
A

PRIMARY SYPHILIS

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22
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • Consist of a red maculopapular rash anywhere on the body (usually in palm & soles)
  • Moist, pale papules in the anogenital region, axillae, and mouth (condylomata lata)
  • Low grade fever and general malaise accompanied
  • Infectious
  • There are only few diseases that can present as rashes on the palm and soles
A

SECONDARY SYPHILIS

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23
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • can last for 1 – 2 years;
  • symptoms of secondary syphilis can reappear
  • noninfectious
A

EARLY LATENT PERIOD

24
Q

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • can last for many years;
  • no symptoms occur
A

LATE LATENT PERIOD

25
# **TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS** * Development of **granulomatous lesions (gummas)** in the skin, bones, and liver * Complications: neurosyphilis, cardiovascular syphilis, ocular syphilis, congenital syphilis * **Exaggerated tissue response** that may be attributed to the hypersensitivity reaction against the organism
TERTIARY SYPHILIS
26
# **TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS** * Transmitted via **placenta** * Some of the infected fetuses **die**, and **miscarriages** result; others are **stillborn** at term. * Others are born live but develop the signs of congenital syphilis in childhood * **Hutchinson's teeth** – one of the complications that may arise
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
27
# **TREPONEMA PALLIDUM | PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL FINDINGS** CONGENITAL SYPHILIS: **complications**
HUTCHINSON'S TEETH
28
# **TREPONEMA PALLIDUM |TREATMENT** DRUG OF CHOICE
PENICILLIN G (benzathine)
29
# **TREPONEMA PALLIDUM |TREATMENT** A **typical reaction** that may occur within **hours after treatment is begun**. * Indication that the **penicillin** is **now destroying spirochetes**
JARISCH-HERXHEIMER
30
* Form **irregular spirals** 10 – 30 um long and 0.3 µm wide * **Highly flexible** and move both by **rotation** by **twisting**. * stain readily with **bacteriologic dyes**
BORRELIA
31
# **BORRELIA** motility
rotation by twisting
32
# **BORRELIA** stain readily with
bacteriologic dyes
33
* **Transmitted** by: o Body louse (epidemic form) o Ornithodoros ticks (endemic form) * Incubation period: **3 – 10 days** * Disease: "**relapsing fever**"
BORRELIA RECURRENTIS
34
# **BORRELIA RECURRENTIS** TRANSMISSION: **epidemic** form
BODY LOUSE
35
# **BORRELIA RECURRENTIS** TRANSMISSION: **endemic** form
ORNITHODOROS TICKS
36
# **BORRELIA RECURRENTIS** INCUBATION PERIOD
3 - 10 days
37
# **BORRELIA RECURRENTIS** DISEASE
relapsing fever
38
# **BORRELIA RECURRENTIS** DRUGS OF CHOICE
tetracycline erythromycin penicillin
39
* Transmitted by the bite of **Ixodes tick** * The outer membrane has **unique outer surface proteins (Osps)** * Disease: **Lyme Disease**
BORRELIA BURGDORFERI
40
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI** TRANSMISSION
Ixodes tick
41
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI** the outer membrane has unique ____
outer surface proteins
42
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI** DISEASE
Lyme disease
43
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI** DRUGS OF CHOICE
doxycycline amoxicillin cefuroxime axetil 14 - 21 days
44
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI** **Lyme disease** is named after the town of ____ where the cluster of cases the cases of Borrelia burgdorferi were found in **children**
LYME CONNECTICUT
45
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI | STAGES OF LYME DISEASE** * **Erythema chronicum migrans** (also called erythema migrans) * **early localized stage** – the manifestation is local, appears near the tick bite
STAGE 1
46
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI | STAGES OF LYME DISEASE** * **cardiac** and **neurologic** involvement * **early disseminated**, can lead to neurologic manifestations, bilateral facial nervy palsy – highly suggestive of Lyme disease, myopericarditis
STAGE 2
47
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI | STAGES OF LYME DISEASE** **chronic** skin, nervous system, or **joint** involvement, **late** disseminated stage
STAGE 3
48
# **BORRELIA BURGDORFERI | STAGES OF LYME DISEASE** occur in some patients **already treated** for Lyme disease
CHRONIC LYME DISEASE
49
* Tightly coiled, thin, flexible spirochetes with **very fine with hook at its end** * Grows in **aerobic** conditions at **28 – 30°C** * Obtains energy by **oxidation of long-chain fatty acids** and nitrogen requirement from ammonium salt * Survive for weeks in **water** particularly at **high pH** * Transmitted through **injured skin** and **mucous membranes**
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
50
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS** INCUBATION PERIOD
1 - 2 weeks
51
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS** * **leptospiremic phase** * fever, chills, intense headache, and conjunctival suffusion
early phase
52
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS** * **aseptic meningitis** * in **severe** cases, **liver damage (jaundice)** and **impaired kidney function**.
second "immune" phase
53
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS** * **liver** and **kidney** become **seriously infected** * **kidney failure** is the **common cause of death** for individuals reaching this phase of leptospirosis
Weil's disease
54
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS | TREATMENT** **MILD** LEPTOSPIROSIS
doxycycline ampicillin amoxicillin
55
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS | TREATMENT** **moderate** to **severe** leptospirosis
IV penicillin / ampicillin
56
# **LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS | TREATMENT** if exposed
doxycycline 200mg once a week

MICROPARA (37 decks)

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