low Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Name a flexible tube in the midline and is a continuous of larynx?

Answer 1

Trachea

Question 2

Explain in Level does the the trachea lies on?

Answer 2

from C6 vertebrae to T4/T5 vertebral level(mediastinum).

Question 3

Explain the C-shaped cartilage of trachea.

Answer 3

• Orientated horizontally
  
  • Open part (of C shape) faces posteriorly
  • Embedded in tracheal wall
  • Holds trachea open

Question 4

A hooked liked shaped cartilage?

Answer 4

Carina

Question 5

where is the carina cartilage found???

Answer 5

found in the lowest cartilage and projects posteriorly in the midline between origins of main bronchi..

Question 6

what structure connects adjacent tracheal cartilages?

Answer 6

Annular ligaments

Question 7

The posterior wall of Trachea consist of?

Answer 7

Trachealis muscle- smooth muscle.

Question 8

the Relations of trachea?

Answer 8

posterior- esophagus
anterior - muscles
right-crossed laterally by azygos vein/ right vagus nerve
left side by arch of aorta/vagus nerve

Question 9

The main/primary Bronchi

Answer 9

Trachea divides into left and right main bronchi.
enter root of the lung.
Passes through hilum into lung.

Question 10

Right main Bronchus

Answer 10

shorter and wider
courses more vertically

Question 11

Left main bronchus

Answer 11

longer and narrower
courses more
horizontally

Question 12

if foreign bodies are perhaps inhaled which main bronchi ls likely to receive it?

Answer 12

bodies enter right main bronchus more frequently (than left), because of its wider diameter and more vertical orientation

Question 13

bronchi that supply the lobes of the lungs

Answer 13

lobar/ secondary bronchi

Question 14

lobes supplied by the right lobar bronchi?

Answer 14

Superior lobar bronchus
Middle lobar bronchus
Inferior lobar bronchus

Question 15

lobes supplied by the left bronchi.

Answer 15

Superior lobar bronchus
Inferior lobar bronchus

Question 16

lobar bronchi divide into which bronchi that is within lung?

Answer 16

segmental/tertiary bronchi

Question 17

Which part of the lung is supplied by segmental bronchi

Answer 17

bronchopulmonary segments of lungs

Question 18

Bronchioles

Answer 18

Segmental bronchi divide into bronchioles.
No cartilages present in their walls.
Subdivide to supply respiratory surfaces.

Question 19

subdivision of bronchioles

Answer 19

conducting—>terminal bronchioles—->respiratory bronchioles

Question 20

Which structure is the site of gas exchange.

Answer 20

Alveoli

Question 21

define the lungs??

Answer 21

Organs of respiration
One on either side of mediastinum
- Left and right lungs
Surrounded by pleural cavities

Question 22

explain the apex and base of the lung?.

Answer 22

Apex
- Projects above 1st rib and into root of neck

Base
- Sits on diaphragm
- Diaphragmatic surface

Question 23

The costal surface of the lung

Answer 23

lies adjacent to ribs and intercostal spaces.
indented by ribs.

Question 24

Mediastina surface

Answer 24

Lies against mediastinum (anteriorly) and
vertebral column (posteriorly)
- Indented by structures in mediastinum
- Contains hilum of lung

Question 25

The anterior border

Answer 25

sharp separates costal and mediastinal surface

Question 26

posterior border

Answer 26

- Smooth and rounded - Separates costal and mediastinal surfaces

Question 27

inferior border

Answer 27

Inferior border - Sharp - Separates base from costal and mediastinal surfaces

Question 28

which structure is a short tubular collection of structures, together attach lung to mediastinum.

Answer 28

Root of the lung

Question 29

Within each root what is located in it and also where

Answer 29

also located in the hilum. A main bronchus - A pulmonary artery - Two pulmonary veins - Bronchial vessels - Nerves and lymphatics

Question 30

Superior lobar bronchus

Answer 30

Superior lobar bronchus arises from main bronchus in root of lung (not within lung itself, as on left side)

Question 31

right pulmonary artery

Answer 31

Right pulmonary artery gives of a branch to superior lobe in root (not within lung itself, as on left side) - Main vessel continues through hilum, giving off a second branch to superior lobe, before dividing to supply remaining lobes RM- GIVES OFF SUPERIOR LOBE WITHIN IT.

Question 32

Relations of the root of the lung

Answer 32

anteriorly- Phrenic nerve posteriorly - vagus nerve

Question 33

Region or structure at which vessels and nerves or other structure emerge from apart.

Answer 33

Hilum

Question 34

The pulmonary ligament

Answer 34

is thin blade-like fold of pleura

Question 35

A thin blade-like fold of pleura that projects inferior from root of lung?

Answer 35

Pulmonary ligament extends from the hilum to the mediastinum stabilizes the position of inferior lung lobe. accommodate movement of lungs

Question 36

the content of the right lung

Answer 36

Larger than left 3 lobes: - Superior lobe - Middle lobe - Inferior lobe 2 fissures: - Oblique fissure - Horizontal fissure

Question 37

what separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes?

Answer 37

Oblique Fissure

Question 38

Approximate to which position during quiet inspiration:

Answer 38

at level of T4 Spinous process crosses the 5th intercostal space follow curve of rib 6

Question 39

horizontal fissure

Answer 39

separate superior and middle lobes Follows 4th intercostal space from sternum - Until meeting oblique fissure as it crosses rib 5

Question 40

The left lung

Answer 40

Smaller than right 2 lobes: - Superior lobe - Inferior lobe 1 fissure: - Oblique fissure

Question 41

Approximate position during quiet inspiration: of left lung

Answer 41

Begins between spinous processes of T3 and T4 vertebrae - Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally - Follows curve of rib 6 anteriorly

Question 42

what is found on the anterior border of the lungs and which lung

Answer 42

lingula and cardiac notch

Question 43

the cardiac notch

Answer 43

- Along inferior aspect - Formed by heart projecting into left pleural cavity from mediastinum

Question 44

lingula

Answer 44

Tounge-like extension situated on the lower part of the superior lobe

Question 45

Smallest functionally independent region of a lung?

Answer 45

bronchopulmonary segment

Question 46

how many of these segments are in each lung ?

Answer 46

10 in each lung (some fused in the left lung) can be removed without affecting adjacent regions.

Question 47

why do they function on their own?

Answer 47

because they have their own blood supply

Question 48

shape of the lung

Answer 48

irregular cone shape apex: the origin of its segmental bronchus base: Projected peripherally onto lung surface.

Question 49

shape of the lung

Answer 49

irregular cone shape apex: the origin of its segmental bronchus base: Projected peripherally onto lung surface.

Question 50

Blood supply of these bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 50

branch of pulmonary artery segmental bronchus

Question 51

Bronchial arteries ?

Answer 51

1 on the right 2 on the left run along the posteriorly to bronchi enter lung to supply pulmonary arteries

Question 52

Name 2 of these left bronchial arteries ?

Answer 52

they arise from the anterior of the thoracic aorta Superior bronchial artery- at level of T5 inferior bronchial artery- at the 5th intercostal space and inferior to left main bronchi

Question 53

the right branchial artery

Answer 53

normally arise from the 3rd posterior intercostal artery occasionally from the superior left bronchial artery

Question 54

Into which structures does this bronchial vein drains into?

Answer 54

Azygos vein right side pulmonary veins on the left atrium superior intercostal vein

Question 55

innervation of structures of the lung and visceral pleura.

Answer 55

Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

Question 56

The content of pulmonary plexuses

Answer 56

- Interconnected - Anterior smaller than posterior - Lie anterior and posterior to tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi - Distributed along branches of airway and vessels - Arise from sympathetic trunks (responsible for dilation of bronchioles) and vagus nerves (responsible for constriction of bronchioles)