low Respiratory Tract Flashcards
Name a flexible tube in the midline and is a continuous of larynx?
Trachea
Explain in Level does the the trachea lies on?
from C6 vertebrae to T4/T5 vertebral level(mediastinum).
Explain the C-shaped cartilage of trachea.
- Orientated horizontally
- Open part (of C shape) faces posteriorly
- Embedded in tracheal wall
- Holds trachea open
A hooked liked shaped cartilage?
Carina
where is the carina cartilage found???
found in the lowest cartilage and projects posteriorly in the midline between origins of main bronchi..
what structure connects adjacent tracheal cartilages?
Annular ligaments
The posterior wall of Trachea consist of?
Trachealis muscle- smooth muscle.
the Relations of trachea?
posterior- esophagus
anterior - muscles
right-crossed laterally by azygos vein/ right vagus nerve
left side by arch of aorta/vagus nerve
The main/primary Bronchi
Trachea divides into left and right main bronchi.
enter root of the lung.
Passes through hilum into lung.
Right main Bronchus
shorter and wider
courses more vertically
Left main bronchus
longer and narrower
courses more
horizontally
if foreign bodies are perhaps inhaled which main bronchi ls likely to receive it?
bodies enter right main bronchus more frequently (than left), because of its wider diameter and more vertical orientation
bronchi that supply the lobes of the lungs
lobar/ secondary bronchi
lobes supplied by the right lobar bronchi?
Superior lobar bronchus
Middle lobar bronchus
Inferior lobar bronchus
lobes supplied by the left bronchi.
Superior lobar bronchus
Inferior lobar bronchus
lobar bronchi divide into which bronchi that is within lung?
segmental/tertiary bronchi
Which part of the lung is supplied by segmental bronchi
bronchopulmonary segments of lungs
Bronchioles
Segmental bronchi divide into bronchioles.
No cartilages present in their walls.
Subdivide to supply respiratory surfaces.
subdivision of bronchioles
conducting—>terminal bronchioles—->respiratory bronchioles
Which structure is the site of gas exchange.
Alveoli
define the lungs??
Organs of respiration
One on either side of mediastinum
- Left and right lungs
Surrounded by pleural cavities
explain the apex and base of the lung?.
Apex
- Projects above 1st rib and into root of neck
Base
- Sits on diaphragm
- Diaphragmatic surface
The costal surface of the lung
lies adjacent to ribs and intercostal spaces.
indented by ribs.
Mediastina surface
Lies against mediastinum (anteriorly) and
vertebral column (posteriorly)
- Indented by structures in mediastinum
- Contains hilum of lung
The anterior border
sharp
separates costal and mediastinal surface
posterior border
- Smooth and rounded
- Separates costal and mediastinal surfaces
inferior border
Inferior border
- Sharp
- Separates base from costal and mediastinal
surfaces
which structure is a short tubular collection of structures, together attach lung to mediastinum.
Root of the lung
Within each root what is located in it and also where
also located in the hilum.
A main bronchus
- A pulmonary artery
- Two pulmonary veins
- Bronchial vessels
- Nerves and lymphatics
Superior lobar bronchus
Superior lobar bronchus arises from main bronchus in root of lung (not within lung itself, as on left side)
right pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery gives of a branch to superior lobe in root (not within lung itself, as on left side)
- Main vessel continues through hilum, giving
off a second branch to superior lobe, before
dividing to supply remaining lobes
RM- GIVES OFF SUPERIOR LOBE WITHIN IT.
Relations of the root of the lung
anteriorly- Phrenic nerve
posteriorly - vagus nerve
Region or structure at which vessels and nerves or other structure emerge from apart.
Hilum
The pulmonary ligament
is thin blade-like fold of pleura
A thin blade-like fold of pleura that projects inferior from root of lung?
Pulmonary ligament
extends from the hilum to the mediastinum
stabilizes the position of inferior lung lobe.
accommodate movement of lungs
the content of the right lung
Larger than left
3 lobes:
- Superior lobe
- Middle lobe
- Inferior lobe
2 fissures:
- Oblique fissure
- Horizontal fissure
what separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes?
Oblique Fissure
Approximate to which position during quiet inspiration:
at level of T4 Spinous process
crosses the 5th intercostal space
follow curve of rib 6
horizontal fissure
separate superior and middle lobes
Follows 4th intercostal space from sternum
- Until meeting oblique fissure as it
crosses rib 5
The left lung
Smaller than right
2 lobes:
- Superior lobe
- Inferior lobe
1 fissure:
- Oblique fissure
Approximate position during quiet inspiration:
of left lung
Begins between spinous processes of T3
and T4 vertebrae
- Crosses 5th intercostal space laterally
- Follows curve of rib 6 anteriorly
what is found on the anterior border of the lungs and which lung
lingula and cardiac notch
the cardiac notch
- Along inferior aspect
- Formed by heart projecting into left
pleural cavity from mediastinum
- Formed by heart projecting into left
lingula
Tounge-like extension
situated on the lower part of the superior lobe
Smallest functionally independent region of a lung?
bronchopulmonary segment
how many of these segments are in each lung ?
10 in each lung (some fused in the left lung)
can be removed without affecting adjacent regions.
why do they function on their own?
because they have their own blood supply
shape of the lung
irregular cone shape
apex: the origin of its segmental bronchus
base: Projected peripherally onto lung surface.
shape of the lung
irregular cone shape
apex: the origin of its segmental bronchus
base: Projected peripherally onto lung surface.
Blood supply of these bronchopulmonary segments?
branch of pulmonary artery
segmental bronchus
Bronchial arteries ?
1 on the right
2 on the left
run along the posteriorly to bronchi
enter lung to supply pulmonary arteries
Name 2 of these left bronchial arteries ?
they arise from the anterior of the thoracic aorta
Superior bronchial artery- at level of T5
inferior bronchial artery- at the 5th intercostal space and inferior to left main bronchi
the right branchial artery
normally arise from the 3rd posterior intercostal artery
occasionally from the superior left bronchial artery
Into which structures does this bronchial vein drains into?
Azygos vein right side
pulmonary veins on the left atrium
superior intercostal vein
innervation of structures of the lung and visceral pleura.
Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus
The content of pulmonary plexuses
- Interconnected
- Anterior smaller than posterior
- Lie anterior and posterior to tracheal bifurcation
and main bronchi - Distributed along branches of airway and vessels
- Arise from sympathetic trunks (responsible for
dilation of bronchioles) and vagus nerves
(responsible for constriction of bronchioles)
