Joints and vertebral column Part I Flashcards
What are joints?
Sites where skeletal elements connect
Name 3 classifications of joints.
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
Blood supply in joints
Articular branches from vessels crossing
over a joint
Innervation in joints
Articular branches from nerves that supply
muscles acting on a joint
What are fibrous joints and name 3 types of fibrous joints?
Movement more restricted than synovial joints
1. sutures
2. Gomphoses
3. Syndesmoses
-Where do we find sutures?
- what is sutural ligament?
- Only present between cranial bones of skull
- Adjacent bones linked by thin layer of connective tissue
- where do we find gomphoses and explain gomphoses
- Only present between teeth and adjacent bone
- Short collagen tissue fibers in periodontal ligament run
between root of tooth and bony socket
What is syndesmoses?
give the examples.
Two adjacent bones linked by a ligament
- E.g. Ligamentum flavum connecting adjacent vertebral
laminae
- E.g. Interosseous membranes like that connecting the
radius and ulna in the forearm
What is cartilaginous joints and name the 2 types
Movement more restricted than synovial joints
1. Synchondroses: Primary Cartilaginous Joints
2. Symphyses: Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
What is Synchondroses: Primary Cartilaginous Joints and where do we find them
Mostly: Two ossification centers in developing bone remain
separated by layer of hyaline cartilage
- E.g. Growth plate between head and shaft of developing
long bones
- Allow bone growth and eventually become completely
ossified
- Some persist in mature skeleton (still comprised of hyaline
cartilage)
- E.g. First sternocostal and xiphisternal joints
What is Symphyses: Secondary Cartilaginous Joints? and give the examples
Two separate bones lined by hyaline cartilage and
interconnected by fibrous cartilage
- Most found in midline
- E.g. Pubic symphysis between pelvic bones
- E.g. Intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae
In synovial joints which cartilage does lie in the articular surface
Hyaline cartilage
The synovial joints bones are separated by?
synovial (articular) cavity
Ligaments provide additional what?
Reinforcement
What Common but not always present in synovial joints?
- Additional structures within capsule
- Articular discs (fibrocartilage), fat pads, and tendon
Synovial Joint
Attaches to margins of joint surfaces at
interface between cartilage and bone
Inner synovial joints
A. what does the inner synovial membrane encloses?
B. is the inner synovial membrane vascularized or not?
C. what does the inner synovial membrane produces?
A. Encloses synovial (articular) cavity
B. Highly vascular
c. Produces synovial fluid
- Lubricates articulating surfaces
The outer synovial membrane is formed by what?
dense connective tissue
Function of outer synovial membrane
Surrounds and stabilises joint
Outer fibroua membrane Parts may thicken to form ligaments
- Further, stabilize joint
TRUE OR FALSE
True
The synovial joints is described based on what?
Shape of articular surface
Movement
List the six specific types of synovial joints?
and specify which type of movement does it produces.
Plane/Gliding joints
Condylar (Ellipsoid) joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Ball and socket joints
Saddle joints
* Plane/Gliding joints
- Allow sliding or gliding movements
* Condylar (Ellipsoid) joints
- Permit flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, and circumduction (limited)
* Hinge joints
- Permit flexion and extension
* Pivot joints
- Permit rotation
* Ball and socket joints
- Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, and rotation
* Saddle joints
- Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
and circumduction
Based on movement in synovial joints, list the 3 movements.
Uniaxial (movement in one plane)
* Biaxial (movement in two planes)
* Multiaxial (movement in >2 planes
Function of vertebral arch
for muscle &
ligament attachment and articulation with adjacent bone
Differentiates between vertebral foramen and vertebral foramina.
Vertebral foramen: Opening between body and arch
Vertebral foramina of all vertebrae together form the vertebral canal
Contains and protects spinal cord
There are approximately 33 vertebrae and are divided into 5 groups.
List those groups and how many vertebrae in each.
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5
Coccygeal- 3-4
Describe the structure of the vertebral body and its function.
The body of vertebral is for bearing weight, and the size increases inferiorly as the weight increases. They are linked to the adjacent vertebral body by the intervertebral disc and ligaments.
What does the vertebral arch consists of?
Consists of pedicles and laminae
Bony pillars that attach arch to the body
Two pedicles
Extended for pedicles to meet in midline
Laminae
Project from juntion of laminae
Spinous process
Project from junction of pedicles and laminae
Superior and inferior articular processes
On pedicles between body and origin of articular processes
Superior and inferior vertebral notches
which structure contributes to the formation of vertebral foramina
Superior and inferior vertebral notches
The boarders of vertebral foramina
Superior border- Inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above
inferior border- Superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below
anterior border- Anterior surface of intervertebral disc
posterior border- Zygapophysial joint
- Pathologies that occlude or reduce the size of foramina can
affect functioning of associated spinal nerve
True or false
True
Name of C1 and C2
C1- Atlas
C2- Axis
Atlas articulates with, and the major distinguishable feature.
Articulates with the skull
and don’t have a vertebral body
Structure of the atlas
Ring-shaped
The posterior and anterior arches are inter connected.
Shape of the superior and inferior articular surfaces of atlas
Superior- bean and concave
Inferior- circular and flat
Differentiate Transverse of Atlas from other cervical vertebrae
large and protrude further laterally
than those of other cervical vertebrae
