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Anatomy YBOD 200 > Embryology of respiratory system > Flashcards

Embryology of respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

The median outgrowth where the embryological development of the respiratory system start is known as what?

A

laryngotracheal groove

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2
Q
  1. The laryngotracheal groove is the primordium for which structures and also where do this groove appear?
  2. Name the pharyngeal pouch pair where the laryngotracheal groove is formed.
A

Primordium of tracheobronchial tree and lungs
Found on the floor caudal end of anterior foregut (Primordial pharynx)
2. 4th pair

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3
Q
  1. The endodermal lining of laryngotracheal groove forms which structures?
  2. The splanchnic mesoderm surrounding foregut forms?
A
  1. Pulmonary (Respiratory) epithelium of trachea, and larynx and bronchi
    - also forms glands for this structures.
  2. connective tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage of larynx, trachea and bronchi
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4
Q

By end of 4th week
1. Laryngotracheal groove has protruded to form pouch-like —————-
2. Lies ventral to caudal part of ————–
3. Diverticulum elongates and becomes invested with ————-
4. Distal end of diverticulum enlarges to form globular ————-
5. Single bud from which ————— arises
6. Right and left primary bronchial buds First appear as two lateral outpouchings on either side of ——————

A
  1. Laryngotracheal diverticulum
  2. Foregut
  3. splanchnic mesenchyme
  4. respiratory (lung) buds
  5. tracheobronchial tree
  6. tracheal primordium
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5
Q
  1. Laryngotracheal diverticulum separates from ——–A———–
    Maintains communication via ———B————-
    Tracheoesophageal folds develop in ——-C———-
    Come together and fuse to form ——–D——
  2. All this happen by end of which week.
A

1.A. Primordial pharynx
B. primordial laryngeal inlet
C. Diverticulum
D. tracheoesophageal septum
2. end of week 5

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6
Q

The tracheoesophageal septum divide cranial end of foregut o which parts and explain their primordium

A

Septum divides cranial end of foregut into:

Ventral part
Laryngotracheal tube
Primordium of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Opening into pharynx becomes primordial laryngeal inlet.

Dorsal part
Primordium of oropharynx and esophagus

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7
Q

The endoderm of the cranial end of laryngotracheal tube from?/

A

respiratory epithelium lining.

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8
Q

thye laryngeal cartilages are formed from which arch/ arches

A

4 and 6 pairs of pharyngeal arches

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9
Q

the laryngeal cartilages develop from which cells and layer

A

mesenchyme derived neural crest cells

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10
Q

mesenchyme cells at the cranial end of laryngotracheal tube proliferate rapidly to form which structure?

A

paired arytenoid swelling.
which grow towards the tongue
from T shaped laryngeal inlet
Reduce the developing laryngeal lumen to a narrow slit.

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11
Q

what result as a temporal occlusion of laryngeal lumen?

A

the rapid proliferation of the laryngeal epithelium.

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12
Q

by which week does the above recanalization occur?

A

10 week

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13
Q

what structure of the larynx form during the process of recanalization?

A

laryngeal ventricles

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14
Q

what happens to the hypopharyngeal eminence?

A

it protrusion is produced by the proliferation of mesenchyme in the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
.

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15
Q

results of the protruded hypopharyngeal eminence?

A

caudal/ posterior—- forms epiglottis
ventral/ anterior — forms posterior 1/3 part of the tongue

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16
Q

Where does the laryngeal muscle develop?

A

from the myoblast in the 4th and 6th pairs of the pharyngeal arches

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17
Q

innervation of the laryngeal muscle ?

A

Innervated by laryngeal branches of vagus nerves that supply these arches

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18
Q

The high position of the larynx allow the epiglottis too?

A

come into contact with the soft palate

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19
Q

the relationship between the epiglottis and soft palate

A

provide an almost separate respiratory and digestive tract.

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20
Q

What does the splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding laryngotracheal tube form?

A

cartilage, connective tissue and laryngeal muscle.

21
Q

what develops during the 4th week at the caudal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

respiratory Bud

22
Q

in which canals do primary bronchial buds grow laterally into?

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

23
Q

pericardioperitoneal canal are primordial of what ?

A

pleural cavity

24
Q

Bronchial buds (together with surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme) form:

A

bronchus and their branches in the lungs
early in the fifth week: connection of each bronchi with trachea enlarges to form primordia of main bronchi

25
Q

by which do the segmental bronchus form:

A

by 7th week.

26
Q

Segmental bronchi (with surrounding mesenchyme) form:

A

primordia of bronchopumonary segmements

27
Q

Segmental bronchi (with surrounding mesenchyme) form:

A

primordia of bronchopumonary segmements

By 24 weeks:
- Approximately 17 orders of branches have formed
- Respiratory bronchioles have developed
Additional seven orders of airways develop after birth

28
Q

Splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding developing bronchi form:

A
  • Cartilaginous plates of bronchi
    • Bronchial smooth muscle & connective tissue
    • Pulmonary connective tissue and capillaries
29
Q

Name the layer acquired by lungs from the splanchnic mesenchyme?

A

Visceral layer.

30
Q

content of pseudogladnular stage

A
  • Cartilaginous plates of bronchi
    • Bronchial smooth muscle & connective tissue
    • Pulmonary connective tissue and capillaries
31
Q

The canalicular stage

A

16 - 25 Weeks
Overlaps pseudoglandular stage
- Cranial segments of lungs mature faster than
caudal segments
Lumina of bronchi and terminal bronchioles become larger
Lung tissue becomes highly vascular

32
Q

what happens during the 24th week of the canalicular stage?

A

By 24 weeks:
- Each terminal bronchiole has formed two or
more respiratory bronchioles
Each respiratory bronchiole will divide into multiple primordial alveolar ducts

33
Q

during which week is the pseudoglandular stage occur?

A

5th and 17th week
Histologically, developing lungs resemble exocrine glands

34
Q

what happens to the 16th week of the pseudoglandular stage?

A

all major element of the lungs are developed
expect the one for respiratory exchange
respiration is not possible
fetuses born at this stage will not survive

35
Q

The saccule stage

A

many more terminal sac hat have developed and their epithelium thins
capillaries bulge into terminal sacs

36
Q

what is established by close contact of ————- and ————cells

A

close contact between epithelium and endothelium cells establishes a blood-air barrier

37
Q

name the blood-air barrier

A

alveolar capillary membrane

per

38
Q

what lines the terminal sacs at the 26th weeks

A

mainly lined by type 1 pneumocytes

 - Squamous epithelial cells of endodermal origin
 - Gas exchange occurs across these cells

Type II Pneumocytes scattered amongst Type I Pneumocytes
- Rounded secretory epithelial cells of same endodermal
origin
- Secrete pulmonary surfactant

39
Q

pulmonary surfactant secreted by the type 2 pneumocyte does what?

A

counteracts/prevents surface tension forces at the air-alveolar interface.
Facilitates expansion of terminal sacs by preventing
collapse of sacs during exhalation

40
Q

production of surfactant begins.——–?

A

at 20-22 week
does not reach the needed level till the 24th week -late fetal period.

41
Q

the production of surfactant increase during———-weeks of pregnancy

A

last 2 weeks

42
Q

alveolar stage

A

terminal sacs comparable to alveoli are present at 32 weeks
-with thin squamous epithelial layer

43
Q

late fetal peroid

A

Lungs capable of respiration
- Alveolocapillary membrane thin enough for
effective gas exchange
- Although lungs do not perform this function until birth
- Well developed to function at/from birth

44
Q

fetal alveolar stage

A

Primordial alveoli enlarge as lungs expand
Greatest increase in size of lungs  increase in number of respiratory bronchioles and primordial alveoli
(rather than increase in size of alveoli)

45
Q

AFTER Birth

A

Lung development during first few months after birth characterized by exponential increase in surface area of the air–blood barrier
- Multiplication of alveoli and capillaries
Approximately 150 million primordial alveoli (½ adult number) present in full-term neonate
Adult number of 300 million alveoli achieved by 8 years

46
Q

name the 3 factors important for normal lung development.

A
  • Adequate thoracic space for lung growth
    • Fetal breathing movements
    • Adequate amniotic fluid volume
47
Q

Define Areation of lung

A

involves rapid replacement of interalveolar fluid with air

48
Q

how is the fluid in lungs cleared?

A

via mouth and nose by pressure on fetal thorax during vaginal delivery
into pulmonary capillaries, arteries and veins

49
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

Results from surfactant deficiency

Lungs are underinflated and alveoli contain a fluid that resembles a hyaline membrane

Prolonged intrauterine asphyxia (impaired or absent gas exchange) may cause irreversible changes in Type II Pneumocytes  making them incapable of surfactant production

Other factors such as sepsis and pneumonia may inactivate surfactant

Anatomy YBOD 200 (55 decks)

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