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TEAS7 > Life Science: Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Life Science: Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

1
Q

Describe Carbohydrates

(Include Elements, Building Blocks, Covalent Bond, General Key Functions, Category Types, Misc)

A

Elements
- C, H, O

Building Blocks
- Monosaccharides

Covalent Bonds
- Glycosidic

General Key Functions
- Provide energy

Category Types
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides

Misc
- Water soluble
- Usually in 1:2:1 (CHO) ratio
-> C2H4O2

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2
Q

Describe Lipids

(Include Elements, Building Blocks, Covalent Bond, General Key Functions, Category Types, Misc)

A

Elements
- C, H, O,

Building Blocks
- Triglycerides

Covalent Bonds
- Ester

General Key Functions
- Primary component of CM
- Energy Storage
- Signaling

Category Types
- Simple Lipids
- Complex Lipids
- Steroids/Sterols

Misc
- Insoluble in water

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3
Q

Describe Proteins

(Include Elements, Building Blocks, Covalent Bond, General Key Functions, Category Types, Misc)

A

Elements
- C, H, O, N, S

Building Blocks
- Amino acids

Covalent Bonds
- Peptide

General Key Functions
- Support: Structural
- Movement: Muscle contraction
- Transport: Hemoglobin in blood, transport across CM
- Buffering: Act as buffers
- Metabolic Regulation: Enz. are catalyst
- Coordination: Protein hormone (Ex: growth hormone)

Category Types
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary

Misc
Protein Structures contain:
- H Bonds
- Ionic Bonds
- Disulfide bridges

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4
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Central Carbon attached to:

  • Hydrogen
  • Amino group (-NH2)
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH)
  • R Group (functional group)
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5
Q

T/F: Most chemical reactions ARE spontaneous.

A

False, most chemical reactions require activation energy to get a reaction going.

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6
Q

How do enzymes aid in chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to happen.

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7
Q

What are substrates? How do substrates interact with enzymes?

A
  • Substrate: Molecules which enzyme at on
  • Substrates attach to the active site of an enzyme.
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8
Q

Describe Nucleic Acids

(Include Elements, Building Blocks, Covalent Bond, General Key Functions, Category Types, Misc)

A

Elements
- C, H, O, N, P

Building Blocks
- Nucleotides

Covalent Bonds
- Phosphodiester

General Key Functions
- Store & Process Information

Category Types
- DNA
- RNA
- ATP

Misc
Nucleotides contain:
- Sugar Group (Ribose or Deoxyribose)
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Base

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9
Q

What nitrogenous base is only found in RNA

A
  • Uracil (Pyrimidine)
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10
Q

What nitrogenous bases are a part of the Purine Family?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
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11
Q

What nitrogenous bases are a part of the Pyrimidine Family?

A

C.U.T. py
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Thymine

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12
Q

Which nitrogenous base can only be found in DNA?

A
  • Thymine
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13
Q

Describe Monosaccharides

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s), Examples)

A

Characteristic
- Simple Sugar
- Water Soluble

Composition
- 3 - 7 Carbon atoms

Function(s)
- Quick Source of E
- Building Blocks for More Complex Carbs

Examples
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Deoxyribose
- Galactose

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14
Q

Describe Disaccharide

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s), Examples)

A

Characteristic
- Glycosidic bond via Dehydration Synthesis

Composition
- Two Monosaccharides Linked Together

Function(s)
- Structural component to bacterial cell walls

Examples
- Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
- Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
- Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

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15
Q

Describe Polysaccharides

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s), Examples)

A

Characteristic
- Glycosidic bond via Dehydration Synthesis

Composition
- 10’s & 1,000’s Monosaccharides Linked Together

Function(s)
- Long Term E Source
- Structural Component to Place Cell Walls

Examples
- Starch (Sugar Storage Pants)
- Glycogen (Sugar Storage Animals)
-> (Liver & Skeletal Muscle)
- Cellulose (Plant Cell Wall)
- Chitin (Fungal Cell Wall)

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16
Q

Describe Simple Lipids

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s), Examples)

A

ACharacteristic
- AKA fats/triglycerides

Composition
- 1 glycerol & 3 FA chains (linked by ester bond)

Function(s)
- Alt Energy Storage (When carbs not aviliable)
- Insulation
- Cushioning/Physical Protection

Examples
- Saturated FA (single bond, butter)
- Unsaturated FA (double bond, oil)
-> Monounsaturated FA (1 double bond)
-> Polyunsaturated FA (1+ double bond)

17
Q

What are Fatty Acids?

A

Long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

18
Q

What are Saturated Fatty Acids?

A

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons
- Solid at room temp

19
Q

What are Unsaturated Fatty Acids?

A

Fatty acids with double bonds between carbons
- Liquid at room temp

20
Q

What is the difference between Monounsaturated & Polyunsaturated FA?

A
  • Monounsaturated FA: One double bond
  • Polyunsaturated FA: More than one double bond
21
Q

Describe Complex Lipids/Phospholipids

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s))

A

Characteristic
- Phospholipids

Composition
- 1 glycerol & phosphate head (polar/hydrophilic)
- 2 FA tails (nonpolar/hydrophobic)

Function(s)
- Energy Storage
- makes up cellular membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

Examples
- X

22
Q

Describe Steroids/Sterols

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s), Example)

A

Characteristic
- Large lipid molecules

Composition
- 3 6-Carbon rings attached to 5-Carbon ring
- If OH (hydroxyl) is attached to 6-carbon ring = Sterol

Function(s)
- Chemical Messengers
- Component to CM of eukaryotic cells

Examples
- Cholesterol
- Steroid hormones
-> Estrogen
-> Testosterone

23
Q

Describe DNA

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s)

A

Characteristic
- Double Stranded (Double Helix)
- Sugar-phosphate backbone
- Base Pairings
-> A & T
-> G & C

Composition
- 5-Carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Base (A,C,T,G)

Function(s)
- Store genetic information

Examples
- X

24
Q

Describe RNA

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s)

A

Characteristic
- Single Stranded
- Sugar-phosphate backbone
- No base pairing (A,U,C,G)

Composition
- 5-Carbon pentose sugar (ribose)
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Base (A,U,C,G)

Function(s)
- Protein Synthesis

Examples
- X

25
Q

What is a codon?

A

A group of 3 nucleotides in a RNA sequence

26
Q

Describe ATP

(Characteristics, Composition, Function(s)

A

Characteristic
- High Energy Compound

Composition
- 5-Carbon pentose sugar (ribose)
- 3 Phosphate Group
- Adenine (Nitrogenous Base)

Function(s)
- Energy in ATP bonds fuel cells

Examples
- X

27
Q

Which of the following is an example of a polymer?

  • Nucleic acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Glucose
  • Amino acid
A

Nucleic acid

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