English and Language Usage Comprehensive Flashcards
You may only used pronouns once a _____ is introduced first
noun
Compare a common noun from a proper noun
A common noun is a group of people/places/things, whereas proper nouns are names of specific person/places/things
Common Noun Example: Boat, Cat, Library
Proper Noun: Texas, Tom Holland, White House
Compare definite from indefinite pronouns
Definite pronouns: refer to specific people, places, things (I, He, She, This, That)
Indefinite pronouns: refer to general, non specific people, places, things (Someone, Somebody, Something, Somewhere)
Compare Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect
Present Perfect:* “Have/Has” + Past participle verb*; past action continues into future (usually ends -ed/-en) [I have driven in the snow many times]
Past Perfect: “Had” + Past participle verb; used to talk about something that happened before something else that was also int the past [It has already snowed before I left]
Future Perfect: “Will have” + Past participle verb; used to describe action/state that wil happen after the action/state of main verb [It will have snowed 6 inches by the end of the day]
What do prepositions tell you?
Shows the relationship between an object and another word in a sentence by telling you where something is/when something happened
In the sentence “The cat slept under the warm blanket during the thunderstorm” which two words are prepositions?
Under
During
In “After lunch, we’ll walk along the beach towards the lighthouse,” how many prepositions are there?
3
- After
- Along
- Towards
Identify whether its Present Perfect, Past Perfect, or Future Perfect
“She has lived in New York for five years.”
This is present perfect, using “has” + past participle “lived”.
Identify whether its Present Perfect, Past Perfect, or Future Perfect
“They had completed the project before the deadline.”
This is past perfect, using “had” + past participle “completed”.
Identify whether its Present Perfect, Past Perfect, or Future Perfect
“By this time next year, I will have earned my nursing degree.”
This is future perfect, using “will have” + past participle “earned”
Identify the simple subject in the sentence
The colorful flowers in the garden bloomed beautifully.
flowers
simple subject = main noun/pronoun sentence is about, w/o modifiers
Identify the simple subject in the sentence
A group of students visited the museum last week.
group
simple subject = main noun/pronoun sentence is about, w/o modifiers
“of students” is a prepositional phrase that modifies “group”, so group is the main noun performing the action (“visited”)
What is a prepositional phrase?
starts with a preposition and ends with the object of the preposition, including any modifiers.
Identify the prepositional phrase
He arrived at the airport in the morning.
at the airport, in the morning
Identify the prepositional phrase
The children played near the playground.
near the playground
Identify the prepositional phrase
The students of the school walked to class,
of the school
Preposition: of
Object of the preposition: the school
Prepositional phrase modifies “students”
Identify the simple and complete subject
Dacing brings joy and happiness to my life
Simple Subject: Dancing
Complete Subject: Dancing
Identify the simple and complete subject
The elderly couple sitting on the park bench shared heartwarming stories from their youth.
Simple Subject: Couple
Complete Subject: The elderly couple sitting on the park bench
Identofy the Compound Subject
The sun and the moon were visible in the sky.
The sun and the moon
Compound Sibject = 2/+ simple subjects joined by conjugation (FANBOYS)
Identify the subject in a Here/There sentence
1) There is a book on the table.
2) There is a new student in our class.
1) book
2) student
Sentences starting w/ “there”/”here,” subject usually follows the verb
Which of the following is an imperative sentence?
a) John and Sally go to the store
b) I went back home after a long day at school
c) Close the door
d) Although she was tired, she still continued to do her homework
C, because imperative sentences is when the verbs subject is understood, but is not actually present in the sentence. “[YOU] Close the door” has the subject of the implied “you”
The ____ explains/describes a subject (basically everything in the setnence that is NOT the subject)
predicate
Identify the SImple Predicate in the setnence
The team is practicing hard for the upcoming match.
is practicing
(linking verb + verb)
Identify the SImple Predicate in the setnence
The chef will prepare a special dish for tonight’s dinner
will prepare
(linking verb + verb)
Identify the Simple and Complete Predicate
My friend baked a delicious cake for the party.
Simple Predicate: baked
Complete Predicate: baked a delicous cake for the party
A ______ verb is when one verb follows another that usually share a subject
ExL John runs and lifts weights
compound
When attempting to idenitfy the subject of a setnence, what steps should you take before it to help identify it?
Identify the verb/verb phrase (ex: is, are, am, was, were)
Ask: Who/what before the verb? = that is your subject
A complete predicate includes the simple predicate (verb) and…
all of the other words that describe the action
What is it called when a word ending in -ing acts as a noun?
Gerund
What are the compound simple subjects in the sentence?
“This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations [are called] Natural Selection.” (Origin of Species)
Preservation and Rejection
When two subjects are separated by “or” or “nor,” we always match the subject that is _____ to the verb
closest
Which of the following words correctly completes the sentence?
Neither the utensils nor the loaf of bread ___ on the table.
A) Goes
B) Go
C) Were
D) Been
A. When two subjects are separated by “or” or “nor,” we always match the subject that is closest to the verb. The “loaf of bread” is closest to the verb, and the simple subject is “loaf.” “Loaf” is singular, so we need a singular verb. Words ending in -s are singular.
Words that end in…… are singular indefinite pronouns
- -one (someone, anyone)
- -body (somebody, everybody)
- -thing (nothing, everything)
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Each
Singular
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Much
singular
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Neither/Either
Singular
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Another/Other
Singular
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Few/Many
Plural
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Both
Plural
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Others
Plural
Identify if theses pronouns are singular or plural
Several
Plural
Subject-Verb Agreement
EXCEPTION: For indefinte pronouns that are singular/plural, look at what follows ___
“of”
All of the cookies are gone
Subject-Verb Agreement
Titles of single entities (books, companies, and countries) are _______ (singular/plural)
singular
Subject/Verb Agreement
Time and distances usually require a _____ (Singular/plural) verb
singular
Subject/Verb Agreement
When discussing an amount of money, use a ______ (singular/plural) verb
When referring to individual dollars, use a _______ (singular/plural) verb
Money amount = singular
Dollar bills = plural
T/F: Percentages and fractions are always singular, regardless of the context
False, percentages and fractions can either be singular or plural, depending on the context
What are the indefinite pronouns that can be singular OR plural, depdning on what follows “of”
All
Any
More
Most
None
Some
Such
What are the steps in identifying the direct and indirect object in a sentence.
Direct Object (Recieves action of verb)
- Identify the verb
- Identify the subject
- Find by asking “who/what” receives the action of the verb
Indirect Object (Recieves the direct object)
- Identify the verb
- Identify the subject
- Identify the Direct Object
- Find by asking “To/For whom/What”
What is the indirect object?
The teacher explained the lesson to the students
The students
Explained = verb
Teacher = subject
Who/What was explained? = the lesson (Direct Object)
To who was the lesson explained? = the students
What is the direct object?
John gave Mary a book
Book
Verb = gave
Subject = John
Who/What was given? = the book (direct object)
How does a clause and phrase differ from each other?
Clause - group of words that contains BOTH subject and predicate (verb)
Phrases - group of words that either has a noun OR verb, but NOT BOTH
What is a relative clause?
A type of dependent clause that starts with a relative pronoun (that, who, which, whom, whomever, whose) that give more information about a noun
The book that is on the table is mine
