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TEAS7 > A&P: Skeletal System > Flashcards

A&P: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A

SSBPL - Super Strong Bones, PLease

  • Support
    -> Structural support for body
  • Storage
    -> stores Ca and Phosphate
  • Blood Cell Production
    -> RBC, WBC, and other blood elements made in red bone marrow
  • Protection
    -> Ex: ribs protect vital organs
  • Leverage
    -> Levers for movement (muscle attach to bone)
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2
Q

Bone/osseous tissue is what type of tissue? what is it made of?

A

Connective Tissue, containing specialized cells and a matrix of extracellular protein fibers and ground substance

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3
Q

__/__ weight of bone is from _____ _____ (_____), and __/__ weight is _______ ________ and _______

A

2/3 weight
calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
1/3 weight
collagen fibers and cells

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4
Q

What is hydroxyapitite?

A

calcium rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones

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5
Q

Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each. Include the definition of each bone

A
  • Long bone: longer than wide
    -> ex: femur, ulnar, fibula
  • Short bone: roughly equal dimensions
    -> ex: carpal/tarsal bones
  • Flat bones: thin and broad, sometimes curved
    -> ex: parietal bones in skull, ribs
  • Sesamoid bones: bone embedded in tendon
    -> patella
  • Irregular bones: not classified as above^; misc
    -> sacrum, vertebrae
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6
Q

Describe why it is easier for a bone to heal compared to cartilage?

A

Bones are vascular, so they can heal quickly; however, cartilage is avascualr, making it harder to heal

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7
Q

What is the primary function of cartilage?

A

reduce friction

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8
Q

What type of connective tissue is bone marrow?

A

Loose CT

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9
Q

Be able to label the structures of a long bone

A

refer to skeletal system notes

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10
Q

Define: Periosteum

A

Outer, fibrous surface of bone that contains collagen fibers

Tendons and ligaments attach to periostrum

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11
Q

In terms of what it attaches, compare tendons to ligaments

A

Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ligaments: connect bone to bone

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12
Q

What type of bone forms the diaphysis and which type of bone forms the epiphysis?

A

Compact bone: forms the diaphysis
Spongy bone: forms the epiphysis

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13
Q

What does articular cartilage do? What type of CT is it?

A

covers ends of epiphysis
hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Define: Endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity that contains the bone marrow

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15
Q

Function of red bone marrow?

A

production of blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)

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16
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate/line?

A

a band of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs in a long bone

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17
Q

Describe the composition of spony bone

A

Composed of osteocytes housed in trabeculae and surrounded in extracullar matrix

Found in epiphysis

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18
Q

Describe the composition of a compact bone

A

Osteocytes house in osteon that has continous extracullar matrix (NO GAPS like spongy bone)

Found in diaphysis

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19
Q

What is the hollow region in the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow?

A

medullary cavity

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20
Q

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

A

osteon

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21
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells contained in small pockets called lacunae

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22
Q

What to osteoblasts mature into?

A

Osteocytes

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23
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

cells that break down bony matrix and release calcium and phosphate

BREAK DOWN BONE!!

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24
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

cells that produce new bony matrix and deposit calcium salts into new bone

BUILD BONE!!

25
Q

What is another name for an osteon?

A

Haversian system

26
Q

What is the passageway where blood vessles and nerves run through an oseon?

A

Central canal (Haversian canal)

27
Q

What are concentric rings of mineralized extracellular matrix that surround the central canal?

A

lamellae

28
Q

What are lacunae? (hint: where are they located)

What do they house?

A

Lacunae are small spaced located between the lamelle. They house mature bone cells, osteocytes

29
Q

When osteoblasts become completely surround by ________ ________, they differentiate into a(n) __________.

A

bone matrix
osteocyte

30
Q

What does canaliculi function in?

A

allow for exchange of nutrinets, waste products, and signaling molecules between osteocytes and central canal

31
Q

_______ are tiny channels that radiate from the _______, connecting adjacent _______ to each other and to the _______ _________

A

Canaliculi
lacunae
osteocytes
central canal

32
Q

Be able to label small structures within a bone

A

refer to Skeletal system notes

33
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Age related decrease in bone mass and density due to increase osteoclast activity (decrease osteoblast)

34
Q

What is osteogenisis imperfecta?

A

AKA: brittle bone disease

Genetic diseaese that produces defective collagen matrix

35
Q

What is arthritis?

A

joint inflammation

36
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cartilage cells

37
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoimmune disease that causes arthritis

38
Q

Describe the process of bone healing

A

1) Following a fracture, damage blood vessels will leak blood -> begin to clot to form a hematoma
2) Chondrocytes from endosteum create an internal callus by secreting fibrocartilagenous matrix
3) External callus is formed by chondrocytes and osteoblasts on the outside of the bone to stablize the fracture
4) Over several weeks, osteoblasts will replace the hyaline cartilage with bone

39
Q

Name the two parts the skeleton can be divided into. Know how many bones in each

A

Axial skeleton: 80 bones (includes hyoid bone)
Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones Iinclude pectoral/pelvic girdle)

40
Q

Be able to label bones of the skeleton

A

refer to skeletal system notes

41
Q

What bone is found in the middle ear? Name the different parts to the bone. Be able to label and identify those parts.

A

Ossicles
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)

Refer to skeletal system notes

42
Q

What is the ONLY bone that does not articulate with any other bone in the body, and is U shaped and inferior to the mandible

A

hyoid bone

43
Q

Know which rib #’s are true ribs, false ribs, or floating ribs

A

Ribs #1-7
- true ribs: attached directly to sternum via costal cartilage

Ribs #8-12
- false ribs: attached to cartilage or not at all

Ribs #11-12
- floating ribs (are also false ribs)

44
Q

A _____ is where two bones articulate (come in contact with one another, cartilage, or teeth)

A

joint

45
Q

What is a synovial joint? Include examples

A

filled with synovial fluid, freely moveable

Ex: shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

46
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint? Include examples

A

two bones held together by cartilage, slightly moveable

Ex: public symphysis, intervertebral disks

47
Q

What is a fibrous joint? Include examples

A

bones fit tightly together, no or very little movement (ex: sutures in cranium)

48
Q

What is defined as ongoing changes in bone through resorption (performed by osteoclasts) and deposition (performed by osteoblasts)

A

bone remodeling

49
Q

What is vitamin D important for bone health?

A

Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption in the small intestine. Calcium makes up extracellular matrix of bone.

50
Q

________ is the process of blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

51
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

stores fat (adipocytes)

52
Q

List the types and number of vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacrum (1)

Coccyx (1) - tail bone

53
Q

What three bones form the sternum? Be able to label these on a diagram

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

54
Q

How many PAIRS of ribs are present in the rib cage?

A

12 pairs

55
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

56
Q

Which bones make up the upper limb?

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

57
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

hip bones

58
Q

Which bones make up the lower limb?

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, calcaneus (hell bone), metatarsals, phalanes

TEAS7 (48 decks)

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