A&P: Skeletal System Flashcards
List and describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system
SSBPL - Super Strong Bones, PLease
- Support
-> Structural support for body - Storage
-> stores Ca and Phosphate - Blood Cell Production
-> RBC, WBC, and other blood elements made in red bone marrow - Protection
-> Ex: ribs protect vital organs - Leverage
-> Levers for movement (muscle attach to bone)
Bone/osseous tissue is what type of tissue? what is it made of?
Connective Tissue, containing specialized cells and a matrix of extracellular protein fibers and ground substance
__/__ weight of bone is from _____ _____ (_____), and __/__ weight is _______ ________ and _______
2/3 weight
calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
1/3 weight
collagen fibers and cells
What is hydroxyapitite?
calcium rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each. Include the definition of each bone
- Long bone: longer than wide
-> ex: femur, ulnar, fibula - Short bone: roughly equal dimensions
-> ex: carpal/tarsal bones - Flat bones: thin and broad, sometimes curved
-> ex: parietal bones in skull, ribs - Sesamoid bones: bone embedded in tendon
-> patella - Irregular bones: not classified as above^; misc
-> sacrum, vertebrae
Describe why it is easier for a bone to heal compared to cartilage?
Bones are vascular, so they can heal quickly; however, cartilage is avascualr, making it harder to heal
What is the primary function of cartilage?
reduce friction
What type of connective tissue is bone marrow?
Loose CT
Be able to label the structures of a long bone
refer to skeletal system notes
Define: Periosteum
Outer, fibrous surface of bone that contains collagen fibers
Tendons and ligaments attach to periostrum
In terms of what it attaches, compare tendons to ligaments
Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ligaments: connect bone to bone
What type of bone forms the diaphysis and which type of bone forms the epiphysis?
Compact bone: forms the diaphysis
Spongy bone: forms the epiphysis
What does articular cartilage do? What type of CT is it?
covers ends of epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
Define: Endosteum
lines medullary cavity that contains the bone marrow
Function of red bone marrow?
production of blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)
What is the epiphyseal plate/line?
a band of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs in a long bone
Describe the composition of spony bone
Composed of osteocytes housed in trabeculae and surrounded in extracullar matrix
Found in epiphysis
Describe the composition of a compact bone
Osteocytes house in osteon that has continous extracullar matrix (NO GAPS like spongy bone)
Found in diaphysis
What is the hollow region in the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow?
medullary cavity
What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?
osteon
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells contained in small pockets called lacunae
What to osteoblasts mature into?
Osteocytes
What is the function of osteoclasts?
cells that break down bony matrix and release calcium and phosphate
BREAK DOWN BONE!!
What is the function of osteoblasts?
cells that produce new bony matrix and deposit calcium salts into new bone
BUILD BONE!!
What is another name for an osteon?
Haversian system
What is the passageway where blood vessles and nerves run through an oseon?
Central canal (Haversian canal)
What are concentric rings of mineralized extracellular matrix that surround the central canal?
lamellae
What are lacunae? (hint: where are they located)
What do they house?
Lacunae are small spaced located between the lamelle. They house mature bone cells, osteocytes
When osteoblasts become completely surround by ________ ________, they differentiate into a(n) __________.
bone matrix
osteocyte
What does canaliculi function in?
allow for exchange of nutrinets, waste products, and signaling molecules between osteocytes and central canal
_______ are tiny channels that radiate from the _______, connecting adjacent _______ to each other and to the _______ _________
Canaliculi
lacunae
osteocytes
central canal
Be able to label small structures within a bone
refer to Skeletal system notes
What is osteoporosis?
Age related decrease in bone mass and density due to increase osteoclast activity (decrease osteoblast)
What is osteogenisis imperfecta?
AKA: brittle bone disease
Genetic diseaese that produces defective collagen matrix
What is arthritis?
joint inflammation
What are chondrocytes?
cartilage cells
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
autoimmune disease that causes arthritis
Describe the process of bone healing
1) Following a fracture, damage blood vessels will leak blood -> begin to clot to form a hematoma
2) Chondrocytes from endosteum create an internal callus by secreting fibrocartilagenous matrix
3) External callus is formed by chondrocytes and osteoblasts on the outside of the bone to stablize the fracture
4) Over several weeks, osteoblasts will replace the hyaline cartilage with bone
Name the two parts the skeleton can be divided into. Know how many bones in each
Axial skeleton: 80 bones (includes hyoid bone)
Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones Iinclude pectoral/pelvic girdle)
Be able to label bones of the skeleton
refer to skeletal system notes
What bone is found in the middle ear? Name the different parts to the bone. Be able to label and identify those parts.
Ossicles
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
Refer to skeletal system notes
What is the ONLY bone that does not articulate with any other bone in the body, and is U shaped and inferior to the mandible
hyoid bone
Know which rib #’s are true ribs, false ribs, or floating ribs
Ribs #1-7
- true ribs: attached directly to sternum via costal cartilage
Ribs #8-12
- false ribs: attached to cartilage or not at all
Ribs #11-12
- floating ribs (are also false ribs)
A _____ is where two bones articulate (come in contact with one another, cartilage, or teeth)
joint
What is a synovial joint? Include examples
filled with synovial fluid, freely moveable
Ex: shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
What is a cartilaginous joint? Include examples
two bones held together by cartilage, slightly moveable
Ex: public symphysis, intervertebral disks
What is a fibrous joint? Include examples
bones fit tightly together, no or very little movement (ex: sutures in cranium)
What is defined as ongoing changes in bone through resorption (performed by osteoclasts) and deposition (performed by osteoblasts)
bone remodeling
What is vitamin D important for bone health?
Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption in the small intestine. Calcium makes up extracellular matrix of bone.
________ is the process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
stores fat (adipocytes)
List the types and number of vertebrae in the vertebral column
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1) - tail bone
What three bones form the sternum? Be able to label these on a diagram
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
How many PAIRS of ribs are present in the rib cage?
12 pairs
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Which bones make up the upper limb?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
hip bones
Which bones make up the lower limb?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, calcaneus (hell bone), metatarsals, phalanes
