A&P: Introduction to A&P Flashcards
Compare the definition of Anatomy vs Physiology
Anatomy: Study of structure
Physiology: Study of function
_________ determines ___________
Structure determines function
List the levels of organization from least to most complex
Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism
List the 4 tissue types
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissuee
Describe: Epithelial Tissue
(Include: Location, Characteristics, Examples, MISC)
Location:
- Cover body surface and organs (ex: skin cells that divide rapidly)
- Forms inner lining of body cavities
- Lines hollow organs
- Major tissue that makes up glands
Characteristics:
- Tightly packed
- Divide quickly
- Lack BV
FXN:
- x
Examples/Types:
- Epidermis (Straitified Squamous)
MISC:
- Basement membrane anchors epithelial tissue (epidermis) to underlying tissue
Describe: Connective Tissue
(Include: Location, Characteristics, FXN, Examples)
Location:
- Underneath epithelial tissue
- Adipose tissue (fat) under skin
- Cartilage between bones
- Tendons (MtB) and Ligaments (BtB)
- Bone
- Blood
Characteristics:
- Cells further apart (compared to epithelial)
- Lots of extracellular matrix surrounding the cells
FXN:
- Stores fat
- Produce blood cells
- Holds structures together
- Provide support and protection
- Repair tissue damage
Examples/Types:
- Dermis + Hypodermis
- Adipose (Adipocytes)
- Blood
- Cartilage (Chondrocytes)
- Compact Bone (Osteoblast-/clasts)
- Collagen Fibers (Fibroblast)
MISC:
- x
What is the most common cell found in Connective Tissue and what do they do?
Fibroblast: secrete protein for extracellular matrix/ground substance
Describe: Muscle Tissue
(Include: Characteristics, FXN, Examples)
Location:
- x
Characteristics:
- Contractile (can shorten)
FXN:
- Movement/Posture
- Heat production
Examples/Types:
- Skeletal Muscle
-> Voluntary, striated - Cardiac Muscle
-> Involuntary, striated w intercalated disks - Smooth Muscle
-> Involuntary, no striations
MISC:
- x
Describe: Nervous Tissue
(Include: Location, FXN)
Location:
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nerves
Characteristics:
- x
FXN:
- Conduct nerve impulses
- Receive sensory information
Examples/Types:
- x
MISC:
- x
Homeostatis is the matience of a stable _____ environment. It is regulated through: ____________ __________ _______ and __________ ______ ________
internal
negative feedback loop
positive feedback loop
Compare the negative feedback loop to the positive feedback loop. Provide some examples
Negative FB Loop:
- Homeostatic mechanisms where the stimulus is reversed
- Ex: Body temperature, Blood glucose levels
Positive FB Loop:
- Homeostatic mechanism where the stimulus is increase until event ends
- Ex: Labor contractions, Blood clotting, Lactation
Above/Below
Superior/Inferior
The forehead is _______ to the chin
superior
The umbilicus is ______ to the sternum
inferior
Near/Far from fixed point
Proximal/Distal
The elbow is ______ to the wrist
proximal
The wrist is _______ to the elbow
distal
Toward/Away from the middle
Medial/Lateral
The sternum is ________ to the shoulder
medial
The lungs are _______ to the heart
lateral
Front/Back of body
Anterior OR Ventral /Posterior OR Dorsal
The abdomen is _____ to the vertebral column
anterior
The gluteal region is ______ to the pubic region
posterior
Closer/Farther from the surface
Superficial/Deep
The epidermis is _____ to the dermis
superficial
The hypodermis is ______ to the dermis
deep
Closer to the head/tail(bone)
Cephalic/Caudal
Know/label of anatomical landmarks
refer to A&P notes OR AP intro flashcards starting from 33 - 67
Name the 3 body planes and know how it divides the body. Be able to identify this on a picture
Coronal/Frontal Plane
- anterior/posterior portions
Sagittal Plane
- left/right portions
Transverse/Cross-Sectional Plane
- superior/inferor portions
Label Dorsal and Ventral body cavities and know the names of each cavity contained within those, as well as organs
refer to labaling on A&P notes
What is the name of the structure that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
diaphragm
Where are parietal serous membranes found?
line walls of thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within those cavities
Where are visceral serous membranes found?
lines organs
(visceral pleural membrane coverss ouside of lungs)
Where is serous fluid found and what is the function?
between parietal and visceral serous membranes to provide lubrication between organ and wall of the cavity
A gland that secretes its products into ducts that open onto surfaces, like the skin or lining of the digestive tract
exocrine gland
A gland that secretes its products into the blood or tissue fluid
endocrine gland
