A&P: Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards
What are the 5 main functions of the blood
- Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste
- Regulate pH and electrolyte composition
- Blood clotting
- Defense against toxins/pathogens (WBC)
- Stabilize body temp/distribute heat
Compare Serum to Plasma
Plasma = has CF
Serum = Plasma without CF
Describe what is in each section in a test tube of blood that has been spun. (Hint: What makes up the top, middle, and bottom layer)
Plasma ~ 55%
- Water
- Protein (Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen)
- Other solutes (urea, ions, nutrinets)
Formed Elements: Cell + Cell Fragments
- Buffy coat: WBC (leukocytes) + PLT
- RBC (erythrocyte) ~ 45%
Define: Hematocrit
% of RBC by volume
Describe: Red Blood Cells
(Include: Composition, Cell Strucutre, Effects of Cell Structure, Lifespan)
Composition
- Hemoglobin (require Iron to fxn)
- LACK nuclei and mitochondria (occurs when they mature
Cell Strucutre
- Biconcave, disk shape
Effects of Cell Structure
- Flexible = squeeze through narrow capillaries
- Increases surface area
- Thin = better diffusion of gases
Lifespan
- 120 days
What protein does blood contain that helps to transport O2?
Hemoglobin
Define: Erythropoiesis
RBC formation
Where does Erythropoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Name the cell differentation pathway of an erythrocyte (erythropoiesis)
- Myeloid Stem Cell
- Proerythroblast (stimulated by EPO)
- Erythroblast
- Normoblast (nucleus expelled)
- Reticulocyte (lose ER)
- Erythrocyte
What cell during erythropoesis has the nucleus condense and expelled?
Normoblast
What cell during erythropoesis loses the ER?
retoculocyte
Describe how low O2 levels will stimulate erythropoiesis to take place
Low O2 levels are sensed and the kidney/liver will secrete the hormone, Erythropoietin (EPO). EPO will stimulate proerythroblast to eventually mature into erythrocytes. This will increase RBC (+ increase Hb) and will increase O2 levels
What is describe as a substance that triggers an immune reponse?
antigens
What will occur if blood is mismatched/cross-matched?
Agglutination of RBC and hemolysis
For each blood type, name: the erythrocyte antigen, plasma antibodies, blood cells that it can recieve
Type A blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: A
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-B antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, O
Type B blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: B
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: B, O
Type AB blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: A and B
- Plasma Antibodies: NO ANTIBODIES
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, B, AB, O (UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR)
Type O blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: O
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: O
What does it mean if you are Rh+ or Rh-
- Rh+ person: has NO anti-Rh antibodies
- Rh- person: may possitbly have anti-Rh antibodies
Know which blood types can donate/recieve from whom, INCLUDING Rh factors.
Ex:
- A-
- A+
- B-
- B+
- AB-
- AB+
- O-
- O+
Refer to FutureRN Blood Cheat Sheet for answers
What type of person would have Rh antibodies present in their blood?
Rh- person who has been exposed to Rh+ blood
(Ex: hemolytic disease of newborn)
What is describe as an antigen that the body recognizes as its own?
self-Ag
What blood type is the universal donor and why? Which is the universal reciever?
Universal donor: Type O because it does NOT have any A or B surface antigens, so it is unrecognizable and will not be attacked by antibodies.
Universal recipient: Type AB because it contains A and B surface antigens, meaning there are NO antibodies in type AB blood. No Ab means that it will not attack any other blood types.
What type of tissue is blood classified as?
connective tissue
What cell are PLT derived from?
megakaryocyte
What three dietary factors are required for red cell production?
Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
Iron (for Hb)
Name the abundancy of leukocytes from largest to smallest % in the blood.
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
T/F: All agranulocytes function in innate immunity
False, B cells and T cells ONLY function in adaptive immunty. B cells and T cells are lymphocytes, which are considered agranulocytes
Know which cells are granulocytes/agranulocytes. Include each subcategory of cells as needed
Granulocyte
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
Agranulocyte
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
-> B cell: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ONLY
-> T cell: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ONLY
-> NK cells
T/F: Formed elements are only a part of innate immunity
False, B cells and T cells from lymphocytes fxn ONLY in adaptive immunity. Therefore, formed elements are part of BOTH innate and adaptive immunity.
Know the function of: Neutrophils
- Phagocytic
- Work in early stages of infection
Know the function of: Lymphocytes
- B and T lymphocytes ONLY in adaptive immunity
-> B cells: make Ab, present Ag to T cell, memory B cell
->T cells: destroy marked cells, memory T cell - NK cells
-> Destroy parasites/worms
-> Tumor cells
-> Animal virus-infected cells
Know the function of: Monocytes
Largest WBC that travel in blood -> Differentiate into macrophages in tissue = phagocytic
Know the function of: Eosinophils
- Control mechanism associated with moderate allergies
- Produce toxins against parasites and worms
Know the function of: Basophil
- Release histamine = provoke allergic response/inflammation
What does an elevated neutrophil count suggest?
bacterial infection
What does an elevated eosinophil count suggest?
parasitic worm infection
Name 3 types of cells that are phagocytic
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- dendritic cells
Define: Hemostasis
process that stops bleeding
Name the 3 phases of hemostasis and describe what is occuring in each stage.
Vascular Phase
- Smooth muscle in BV walls contract = ⬇BV diameter = PVT blood loss
- Endothelium becomes sticky = RBC gets stuck and blocks opening
Platelet Phase
- PLTs begin attaching to endothelium and exposed collagen fibers (via VWF)
- ⬆PLT arrival + aggregation = PLT plug formation
Coagulation Phase
- Conversion of Fibrinogen (inactive) -> Fibrin (active) -> Fibrin infiltrates PLT plug
- Blood clot (containing RBC) formed
What is the difference betwen the instrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanism
instrinsic: activated by internal damage to BV
extrinsic: activated by external damage to BV
A doctor identifies that their parent has a parasite infection by determining that the concentration of a specific leukocyte is higher in their blood. Which leukocyte was found to be higher than normal in this patient?
- Basophil
- B cell
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
Eosinophil
