A&P: Cardiovascular System - Blood

Question 1

What are the 5 main functions of the blood

Answer 1

• Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste
• Regulate pH and electrolyte composition
• Blood clotting
• Defense against toxins/pathogens (WBC)
• Stabilize body temp/distribute heat

Question 2

Compare Serum to Plasma

Answer 2

Plasma = has CF
Serum = Plasma without CF

Question 3

Describe what is in each section in a test tube of blood that has been spun. (Hint: What makes up the top, middle, and bottom layer)

Answer 3

Plasma ~ 55%

• Water
• Protein (Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen)
• Other solutes (urea, ions, nutrinets)

Formed Elements: Cell + Cell Fragments

• Buffy coat: WBC (leukocytes) + PLT
• RBC (erythrocyte) ~ 45%

Question 4

Define: Hematocrit

Answer 4

% of RBC by volume

Question 5

Describe: Red Blood Cells

(Include: Composition, Cell Strucutre, Effects of Cell Structure, Lifespan)

Answer 5

Composition

• Hemoglobin (require Iron to fxn)
• LACK nuclei and mitochondria (occurs when they mature

Cell Strucutre

• Biconcave, disk shape

Effects of Cell Structure

• Flexible = squeeze through narrow capillaries
• Increases surface area
• Thin = better diffusion of gases

Lifespan

• 120 days

Question 6

What protein does blood contain that helps to transport O2?

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

Define: Erythropoiesis

Answer 7

RBC formation

Question 8

Where does Erythropoiesis occur?

Answer 8

Red bone marrow

Question 9

Name the cell differentation pathway of an erythrocyte (erythropoiesis)

Answer 9

1. Myeloid Stem Cell
2. Proerythroblast (stimulated by EPO)
3. Erythroblast
4. Normoblast (nucleus expelled)
5. Reticulocyte (lose ER)
6. Erythrocyte

Question 10

What cell during erythropoesis has the nucleus condense and expelled?

Answer 10

Normoblast

Question 11

What cell during erythropoesis loses the ER?

Answer 11

retoculocyte

Question 12

Describe how low O2 levels will stimulate erythropoiesis to take place

Answer 12

Low O2 levels are sensed and the kidney/liver will secrete the hormone, Erythropoietin (EPO). EPO will stimulate proerythroblast to eventually mature into erythrocytes. This will increase RBC (+ increase Hb) and will increase O2 levels

Question 13

What is describe as a substance that triggers an immune reponse?

Answer 13

antigens

Question 14

What will occur if blood is mismatched/cross-matched?

Answer 14

Agglutination of RBC and hemolysis

Question 15

For each blood type, name: the erythrocyte antigen, plasma antibodies, blood cells that it can recieve

Answer 15

Type A blood

• Erythrocyte Antigen: A
• Plasma Antibodies: Anti-B antibodies
• Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, O

Type B blood

• Erythrocyte Antigen: B
• Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A antibodies
• Blood Cells It Can Recieve: B, O

Type AB blood

• Erythrocyte Antigen: A and B
• Plasma Antibodies: NO ANTIBODIES
• Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, B, AB, O (UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR)

Type O blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: O
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: O

Question 16

What does it mean if you are Rh+ or Rh-

Answer 16

• Rh+ person: has NO anti-Rh antibodies
• Rh- person: may possitbly have anti-Rh antibodies

Question 17

Know which blood types can donate/recieve from whom, INCLUDING Rh factors.

Ex:

• A-
• A+
• B-
• B+
• AB-
• AB+
• O-
• O+

Answer 17

Refer to FutureRN Blood Cheat Sheet for answers

Question 18

What type of person would have Rh antibodies present in their blood?

Answer 18

Rh- person who has been exposed to Rh+ blood
(Ex: hemolytic disease of newborn)

Question 19

What is describe as an antigen that the body recognizes as its own?

Answer 19

self-Ag

Question 20

What blood type is the universal donor and why? Which is the universal reciever?

Answer 20

Universal donor: Type O because it does NOT have any A or B surface antigens, so it is unrecognizable and will not be attacked by antibodies.

Universal recipient: Type AB because it contains A and B surface antigens, meaning there are NO antibodies in type AB blood. No Ab means that it will not attack any other blood types.

Question 21

What type of tissue is blood classified as?

Answer 21

connective tissue

Question 22

What cell are PLT derived from?

Answer 22

megakaryocyte

Question 23

What three dietary factors are required for red cell production?

Answer 23

Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
Iron (for Hb)

Question 24

Name the abundancy of leukocytes from largest to smallest % in the blood.

Answer 24

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

Question 25

T/F: All agranulocytes function in innate immunity

Answer 25

False, B cells and T cells ONLY function in adaptive immunty. B cells and T cells are lymphocytes, which are considered agranulocytes

Question 26

Know which cells are granulocytes/agranulocytes. Include each subcategory of cells as needed

Answer 26

Granulocyte
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil

Agranulocyte
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
-> B cell: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ONLY
-> T cell: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ONLY
-> NK cells

Question 27

T/F: Formed elements are only a part of innate immunity

Answer 27

False, B cells and T cells from lymphocytes fxn ONLY in adaptive immunity. Therefore, formed elements are part of BOTH innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 28

Know the function of: Neutrophils

Answer 28

• Phagocytic
• Work in early stages of infection

Question 29

Know the function of: Lymphocytes

Answer 29

• B and T lymphocytes ONLY in adaptive immunity
  -> B cells: make Ab, present Ag to T cell, memory B cell
  ->T cells: destroy marked cells, memory T cell
• NK cells
  -> Destroy parasites/worms
  -> Tumor cells
  -> Animal virus-infected cells

Question 30

Know the function of: Monocytes

Answer 30

Largest WBC that travel in blood -> Differentiate into macrophages in tissue = phagocytic

Question 31

Know the function of: Eosinophils

Answer 31

• Control mechanism associated with moderate allergies
• Produce toxins against parasites and worms

Question 32

Know the function of: Basophil

Answer 32

• Release histamine = provoke allergic response/inflammation

Question 33

What does an elevated neutrophil count suggest?

Answer 33

bacterial infection

Question 34

What does an elevated eosinophil count suggest?

Answer 34

parasitic worm infection

Question 35

Name 3 types of cells that are phagocytic

Answer 35

• macrophages
• neutrophils
• dendritic cells

Question 36

Define: Hemostasis

Answer 36

process that stops bleeding

Question 37

Name the 3 phases of hemostasis and describe what is occuring in each stage.

Answer 37

Vascular Phase

• Smooth muscle in BV walls contract = ⬇BV diameter = PVT blood loss
• Endothelium becomes sticky = RBC gets stuck and blocks opening

Platelet Phase

• PLTs begin attaching to endothelium and exposed collagen fibers (via VWF)
• ⬆PLT arrival + aggregation = PLT plug formation

Coagulation Phase

• Conversion of Fibrinogen (inactive) -> Fibrin (active) -> Fibrin infiltrates PLT plug
• Blood clot (containing RBC) formed

Question 38

What is the difference betwen the instrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 38

instrinsic: activated by internal damage to BV
extrinsic: activated by external damage to BV

Question 39

A doctor identifies that their parent has a parasite infection by determining that the concentration of a specific leukocyte is higher in their blood. Which leukocyte was found to be higher than normal in this patient?

• Basophil
• B cell
• Neutrophil
• Eosinophil

Answer 39

Eosinophil