A&P: Female Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the functions of the female reproductive system

Answer 1

• produce female sex cells
• transport egg cell for fertilization
• Provide environment for developing offspring
• move offspring to the outside
• Produce hormones.
  -> LH & FSH

Question 2

What are the functions of the ovaries?

Answer 2

• Production of female gametes
• Secretion of female sex hormones
  -> Estrogen & Progesterone
• Secretion of inhibin
  ->inv. in feedback control FSH from anterior pituitary

Question 3

T/F: Oogenesis occurs all the time in female.

Answer 3

False, the ovaries are inactive during childhood and become active once a female hits puberty.

Question 4

What causes primary follicles to become secondary follicles?

Answer 4

• rising FSH levels

Question 5

What causes a primary oocyte to becomes a secondary oocyte?

Answer 5

• increase in LH levels

Question 6

Which stage of meiosis does the secondary oocyte stop at?

Answer 6

• metaphase II

Question 7

What organ leads an oocyte to the uterus?

Answer 7

• uterine tube

Question 8

Know the layers of the uterus

Answer 8

• inner mucosal layer: endometrium
• muscular layer: myometrium
• outer serosal layer: perimetrium

Question 9

What organ is a hollow, muscular organ that receives the embryo after the egg has been fertilized?

Answer 9

• uterus

Question 10

What organ is a muscular tube that has acidic secretions?

Answer 10

• vagina

Question 11

What is a menstrual cycle? What is Menarche? What is menopause?

Answer 11

• series of changes in the structure of the endometrium
• menarche: first menstrual period at puberty
• menopause: last menstrual cycle

Question 12

Know the stages and what occurs in the menstrual cycle.
Include the day and include hormones

Answer 12

Menstrual Phase/Menstruation

• Day: 1-5
• If no implantation, ⬇Progesterone & ⬇Estrogen because Corpus Luteum “dies”
  -> no implantation = no hCG release (by blastocyst) -> no maitenance of Corpus Luteum = ⬇Progesterone & ⬇Estrogen
• Degeneration/shedding of endometrium

Proliferative/Follicular Phase

• Day 1-14
• Follicles develop and Oogenisis occurs (within follicles)
• ⬆FSH = 1° Follicle -> 2° Follicle = developing follicles release Estrogen = ⬆Estrogen = thickening of endometrium (by multiplication of epithelial cells)
• ⬆LH = 2° Follicle -> 3° Follicle AND 1° oocyte -> 2° oocyte

Ovulation

• Day 14
• Surge in LH causes ovulation (3° follicle releases ovum (2° oocyte paused at Metaphase II) into uterine tube

Secretory/Luteal Phase

• Day 15-28
• Corpus Luteum secretes Progesterone and Estroen which thicken/support endometrium for implantation
• If NO implantation -> Corpus Luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans after ~12 days

Question 13

What structure encloses the external reproductive organs?

Answer 13

• labia majora

Question 14

What structure are flattened longitudinal folds b/w labia major?

Answer 14

• labia minora

Question 15

What structure is a small projection that corresponds to penis in males?

Answer 15

• clitoris

Question 16

What is the function of mammary glands?

Answer 16

• specialized to secrete milk after pregnancy.

Question 17

What structure do all irregular lobes drain into to reach the nipple?

Answer 17

• lactiferous duct

Question 18

What is a mass within the ovary that secretes hormones to maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy

Answer 18

corpus luteum

Question 19

What is the name of the degenerated corpus luteum?

Answer 19

corpus albicans

Question 20

The inner surface of the uterine tubes are lined with _____ cells that push the egg, along with __________ conractions

Answer 20

cilitated
peristaltic

Question 21

The corpus luteum begins to degenerate about ____ days after ovulation

Answer 21

12

Question 22

Before birth, the oogonium develops into the primary oocyte. What stage is it paused at until puberty?

Answer 22

Prophase I of Meiosis

Question 23

Explain Oogenesis

Answer 23

BEFORE BIRTH:

• Oognium (2n) undergoes Mitosis into a Primary Oocyte (2n)
• Primary Oocyte is PAUSED at the end of Prophase I of Meiosis until puberty

Childhood:

• Ovaries are inactive

After puberty:

• Primary Oocyte (2n) finished Meiosis I, resulting in One polar body (dies) and One Secondary Oocyte (1n)
• Secondary Oocyte (1n) is paused at Metaphase II of Meiosis and is released from the ovary during Ovulation
• IF FERTILIZED, Meiosis II will finish, resulting in One Secondary Polar Body (dies) and a Zygote (2n)