A&P: Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
What does the lymphatic system consists of (3)?
lymph vessles
lymphatic organs
lymph fluid
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
- Returns fluid/solutes from peripheral tissue to blood
- Production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
- Absorption of fatty acids from small intestine to circulatory system
What is responsible for tranporting lymph and return of lymph into the blood stream?
lymphatic vessels
Define: Lymph
fluid found in lymphatic vessels (composed similarly to plasma, but with fewer proteins)
Describe:Lymphoid Organs
organs connecte to lymphatic vessels and contain large numebrs of lymphocytes
Define: Lymphatic Trunk
large lymph vessel formed by the merging of smaller lymph vessles (and will transport lymph toward lymphatic ducts)
Is the lymphatic system a closed or open system?
open system, since the vessels do not form a full circulating system and are not pressurized by the heart
Name two lymphatic ducts
thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
Be able to label major parts of the lymphatic system (Refer to A&P Lymphatic notes)
Refer to A&P Lymphatic notes
Where does lymph enter the venous system?
R and L subclavian veins
What promotes lymph flow?
- skeltal muscle movement
- contraction of smooth muscle in walls of larger lymphatic trunks
How does lymph form?
plasma leaks out of capillaries and into tissue space (interstitial space). most of this fluid returns back to the bloodstrem, but the fluid that remains in the space will enter lymph capillaries. once the fluid is in the lymph system, it is now called lymph
What is the functional unit of lymph node?
lymph nodule (ex: tonsils)
What is the function of lymph nodes?
small, oval organs that filter and purify the lymph before it reaches the venous system
Where does T cell and B cell MATURATION occur?
T cell: Thymus
B cell: Red bone marrow
HOWEVER, BOTH ARE PRODUCED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
What is the function of the spleen?
- filters blood by removing abnormal blood cells/components
- initiates immune response by B and T cells
DOES NOT FILTER LYMPH
Compare Innate Immunity from Adaptive Immunity. Give examples of mechanisms within each immunity.
Innate (Non-Specific) Immunity
- Present at birth
- Attack ALL threats
-> Ex: Physical Barriers, NK cells, Fever, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Antimicrobial Substances (CP, IFNs)
Adaptive (Specific) Immunity
- Attack SPECIFIC threat
-> Ex: Humoral Immunity (B cell -> Plasma cell -> Ab), CMI (T cell)
Species resistance relates to innate immunity. Explain how.
animals can be resistant to certain diseases because their cells do NOT have the correct receptors for the pathgogen to either enter the body or cause infection.
Explain how physical barries fxn in innate immunity
Skin and mucous membranes block entrance of pathogens into the body
Explain how Interferons (IFNs) fxn in innate immunity
IFNS are released by cells that have been infected by an animal virus and signal to uninfected neighboring cells to make AVPs to stop replication of virus
What do NK cells do?
release cytolytic chemicals that destorys virus and cancer cells
Name 2 lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity
T and B cells
Where are B and T cells PRODUCED?
bone marrow
In regards to adaptive immunity, name 3 different types of T cells and include their function
- Cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells): inv in CMI and directly kill infected cells
- Helper T cells: Active Tc cells (CMI) and activate Memory B cell to produce Ab (Humoral Immunity)
- Memory T cells: faster/stronger immune response during 2nd encounter with SAME Ag
In regards to adaptive immunity, name 2 “types” of B cells and include their function
Memory B cells: Remember Ag for future exposure
Plasma cells: Produce Ab (immunoglobulin) that recognize Ag
Name the 4 different ways of acquiring adaptive immunity and describe each
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
- Ab production from exposure to Ag
- Ex: exposure to flu virus
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
- Ab passed transplacentally/breast milk
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
- Ab production via vaccination
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
- Injection of Ab
- Ex: rabies, snake anti-venom
Describe the differentation of B cells (What do they become when activated?)
B cell -> Memory B cell OR Plasma cell -> Ab
*Plasma cell is reponsible for the production of Ab
What is another name for Antibody (Ab)?
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Describe the structure, classes, and general function of antibodies
Structure
- Quarternary protein structure
- Y shaped
- 2 identical light and 2 identical heavy changes
Classes of Ig/Ab
- IgG (most abundant in serum)
- IgA
- IgM
- IgD
- IgE (least abundant in serum)
Function
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Activation of Compliment and Cytotoxic T cells
- Enhance phagocytosis
- Promote inflammation
Describe this immunoglobulin: IgG
Include: Location, FXN
Location
- Blood plasma
- Tissue fluid
Function
- Activates of Compliment System to enhance phagocytosis
- Neutralizes bacteria, viruses, toxins
Most abundant in the serum
Describe this immunoglobulin: IgA
Include: Location, FXN
Location
- Secretions from exocrine glands (tears, saliva, breast milk)
Function
- Neutralize bacteria and viruses
Describe this immunoglobulin: IgM
Include: Location, FXN
Location
- Blood plasma
Function
- Activates Complement System (Primary response to infection; firest to be made)
- Reacts with antigens in mismatched blood transfusions (agglutination)
Largest immunoglobulin
Describe this immunoglobulin: IgD
Include: Location, FXN
Location
- Surface of most B cells
Function
- Activates B cells
Describe this immunoglobulin: IgE
Include: Location, FXN
Location
- Secretions from exocrine glands
Function
- Promote inflammation
- Inv in allergic reactions (causes release of histamines from mast cells = allergies)
least abundant in serum
