A&P: Endocrine System Flashcards
What is defined as a chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is carried to target cells which have receptors for those specific chemical messengers?
hormones
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
produce/secrete hormones that help the bodys tissues communicate with each other
Both the nervous system and the endocrine systems are used for communication. How do they differ?
In the NS, signals are sent along neruons and travel FAST; chemical signals = NT
In endocrine system, signals are sent through bloodstream and are SLOWER; chemical signal = hormone
T/F: Hormone are unable to be target specific because they lack specific target cells receptors
False, hormones are target specific and have specific target cell receptors
What is the structure of a steriod hormone?
Complex ring of C and H atoms that are derived from cholesterol
Steriod homrones is Cholesterol (starting material), which differentitaes into other steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, etc)
Name 5 examples of hormones that are chemically classified as steroid hormones
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone (androgen)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Describe an Amine Hormone
Hormones derived of amino acids (tyrosine/tryptophan)
Name 3 examples of Amine Hormones and know what AA they are derived from
- Norepinephrine and epinephrine (tyrosine)
- Serotonin (tryptophan)
Describe a protein hormone
contains long chaings of amino acid that fold into 3D shape
Name 2 examples of Protein Hormones
- FSH (glycoprotein)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
Describe a peptide hormone
contain short chain of AA
Give 2 examples of a Peptide Hormone
insulin
prolactin
What is described as a lipid based substance that affects neighboring cells (paracrnie substances)
prostaglandin
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
anterior and posterior lobes
What part of the brain controls the pituitary?
hypothalamus
The _____ links the endocrine system to the nervous system
hypothalamus
How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary
the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary
nerve impulses from the hypothalamus controls the release of posterior pituitary hormones
Name the 9 hormones that is released from the hypothalamus. Know which ones control the anterior/posterior pituitary
Control Anterior Pituitary:
- Gonadotrpoing releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
- Prolactin release inhibiting hormone/dopamine (PIH)
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- GH inhibiting hormone/Somatostasin (GHIH/SS)
Control Posterior Pituitary:
- Antidiuretic homrone/Vasopressin (ADH)
- Oxytocin
List the 6 hormones that are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary
FLAT PiG
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Prolacting (PRL)
- Growth hormone (GH)
What is the function of GHIH and PIH/Dopamine? Where are these hormones secreted?
These hormones are secreted by the Hypothalamus.
GHIH = inhibits release of GH from Anterior Pituitary
PIH = inhibits release of Prolactin from Anterior Pituitary
Describe: FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release FSH (+ LH)
Target Organ
- Ovaries/Testes
Effects
- Development of follicles (that house eggs in ovaries)
- Stimulate follicles to secrete estrogen
- Stimulate production of sperm in testes (Sertoli cells)
Overall Pathway Recap
- GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel FSH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
Describe: LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release LH (+ FSH)
Target Organ
- Ovaries/Testes (Leydig cells in testes)
Effects
- Secretion of sex hormone (both sexes)
- Ovulation in females
Overall Pathway Recap
- GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel LH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
Describe: ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- CRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release ACTH
Target Organ
- Adrenal cortex (outside layer of adrenal gland)
Effects
- Stimulate release of certain hormones in adrenal cortex
Overall Pathway Recap
- CRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel ACTH (Anterior Pituitary) -> Adrenal Cortex
Describe: TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- TRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release TSH
Target Organ
- Thyroid Gland
Effects
- Stimulate release of thyroid hormones (T4, T3)
- Stimulate growth of thyroid gland
Overall Pathway Recap
- TRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel TSH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Thyroid Gland
Describe: PRL (Prolactin)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- PRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release PRL
Target Organ
- Mammary Gland
Effects
- Milk production/secretion
- Development mammary glands
Overall Pathway Recap
- PRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel PRL (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Mammary Gland
Describe: GH (Growth Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Anterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- GHRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release GH
Target Organ
- Muscle + Bone
Effects
- Stimulate cells to enlarge/divide = growth
Overall Pathway Recap
- GHRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel GH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Muscle + Bone
Describe: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Posterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- High blood concentration of solutes (high osmolality)/low BV/BP
Target Organ
- Kidneys
- Smooth muscles of arterioles (BV)
Effects
- Kidney increase H2O reabsorbtion (reduce water secretion)
- Vasoconstriction (= increase BV/BP)
Overall Pathway Recap
- ADH (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Kidne
Describe: Oxytocin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap
Where is it Secreted From?
- Posterior Pituitary
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Stretch of uterine wall
- Stimulation of breasts
Target Organ
- Uterine smooth muscle
- Mammary Glands
Effects
- Uterine Contraction
- Milk release/secretion (milk let-down)
Overall Pathway Recap
- Oxytocin (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Uterine smooth muscle/Mammary Glands
What is the function of the Pineal Gland?
(What hormone does it produce, what stimualtes it to be produced, target?, and what is the effect of that hormone)
- Produces: Melatonin
- Stimualted: secreted when eyes detect low light
- Target: Brain
- Effect: regulate daily wake and sleep rhythm
List 3 hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland
T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Calcitonin
What is the difference between T4 and T3?
T4 (thyroxine): Inactive form, more iodine atoms (4)
T3 (triiodothryonine): Active form, fewer iodine atoms (3)
Which element is important for thyroid function? Why?
Iodine because T4 and T3 incorporate iodine into their structure
Describe: T4 (Thryoxine) AND T3 (Triiodothyronine)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Thyroid Gland
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- TSH (Anterior Pituitary)
Target Organ
- Most cells
Effects
- Increases metabolism/rate of energy consumption
Describe: Calcitonin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Thyroid Gland
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Secretion stimulated by HIGH blood Ca2+ levels
Target Organ
- Bone
- Kidneys
Effects
- Inhibit osteoclast (no osteoclast = no Ca2+ rel)
- Stimulate osteoblasts (use up Ca2+ = decrease Ca2+ in body)
- Increase Ca2+ secretion in kidneys (rid Ca2+)
Describe the location of the parathyroid glands
4 small glands embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland
What hormone is release by the Parathryoid gland? What stimulates its production? What organ(s) does it target and what are the effects?
Hormone: PTH (Parathyroid Homrone)
Production Stimulated: Low Blood Ca2+ Levels
Target: Bone and Kidneys
Effects:
- Stimulate osteoclast (BD/resorb bone = release Ca2+)
- Inhibit osteoblast (do not use up Ca2+ = more Ca2+ availiable)
- Stimulate Ca2+ reabsorbing in kidneys
Which hormone is in a negative feedback loop with calcitonin?
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
What are the two hormones that regulate calcium ion homeostasis?
Calcitonin (Thyroid)
PTH (Parathryoid)
Be able to explain the homeostatic regulate of Calcium
IF Ca2+ is too high, thryoid gland is stimulated to produce Calcitonin in an attempt to lower blood Ca2+ levels. Calcitonin will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ deposition via osteoblasts and reduce activity of osteoclasts. It will also target the kidneys to reduce Ca2+ uptake so that it can be excreted as urine.
IF Ca2+ is too low, the parathyroid gland is stimulated to produce PTH in an attempt to raise blood Ca2+ levels. PTh will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ release via osteoclasts and reduce activity of osteoblasts. It will also target the kidneys to uptake Ca2+ to increase Ca2+ levels.
Describe the location of the adrenal glands
adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys
The adrenal cortex is divided into two parts know as the…
adrenal medulla (central portion)
adrenal cortex (outer portion)
Which hormone(s) are released from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Describe: Epinephrine/
Norepinephrine
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Adrenal Medulla
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Stimulated by nerve signals from SANS (sympathetic NS)
Target Organ
Many Organs:
- Heart
- BV
- Airways
- Liver
Effects
Fight/Flight Effects:
- ⬆HR
- Dilated Airways
- Liver breakdown glycogen to glucose (for E)
Describe: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticosteroids)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Adrenal Cortex
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- High K+ levels
- Secreted in presence of Angiotensin II (Renin-angiotensin system) during low BV/BP
Target Organ
- Kidneys
Effects
Works to increase BP/BV:
- Kidney reabsorbe (conserve) Na+ and H2O (via osmosis)
- Increase K+ secretion (excreted)
Describe: Cortisol
(Glucocorticosteroids)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Adrenal Cortex
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Secretion caused by ACTH from Anterior Pituitary
Target Organ
- All tissues
Effects
Metabolism:
- Decreases protein synthesis
- Increase FA (fatty acid) release
- Convert glucose from noncarb sources
Describe: Androgens
(Sex Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Adrenal Cortex
- What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- x
Target Organ
- Most tissue
Effects
- Stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics (converted into estrogen/testosterone before puberty/after menopause)
What 3 hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticosteroids), Cortisol (Glucocorticosteroids), Androgens (Sex Hormones)
What hormone is produced by the Thymus Gland? What organ does it target? What is the effect
Hormone: Thymosin
Targeted Organ: Lymphatic tissue
Effect: stimulate production of T cells
What 3 hormones that are produced by the pancreas?
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin/Growth Hormone IH (GHIH)
List the three types of cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
- alpha cells
- beta cells
- delta cells
Describe: Insulin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Beta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- High Blood Glucose levels
Target Organ
- Liver
- Adipose cells
Effects
- Decrease Blood Glucose levels by increasing diffusion of glucose across cell membranes and stimulate liver to convert glucose into glycogen
Describe: Glucagon
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Alpha cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Low Blood Glucose levels
Target Organ
- Liver
Effects
- Increase Blood Glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose
Describe: GHIH (Growth Hormone IH)/Somatostatin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Delta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Alpha and Beta cells in Pancreas
Target Organ
- x
Effects
- Inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin to help regulate carbohydrates
Where is the thymus gland located?
mediastinum above the heart
Which hormone is secreted by the testes?
testosterone
What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
estrogen (follicle cells, and corpus luteum)
progesterone (corpus luteum)
List 3 hormones secreted by the placenta
- estrogen
- progesterone
- human chorionic gonadrotropin (hCG)
What hormone is secreted by the heart?
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
Describe: ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Heart
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Atrial wall stretches due to high BP
Target Organ
- Kidney
- Adrenal Cortex
Effects
- Block release of renin from kidney and aldosterone from adrenal cortex = Promote loss of sodium ions and water = decrease BV/BP
Describe: Testosterone
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Testes (Leydig Cells)
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- x
Target Organ
- Bones
- Muscle
- Vocal Cords
Effects
- (Help) Maturation of Sperm
- Male secondary sexual characteristics
Describe: Estrogen
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Follicle cells in Ovaries
- Corpus Luteum
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- x
Target Organ
- Uterus
- Adipose Tissue
Effects
- Follicle maturation
- Female secondary characteristics
- Regulate menstrual cycle
Describe: Progesterone
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Corpus Luteum in Ovaries
- Placenta
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- x
Target Organ
- Uterus
Effects
- Maintains uterine wall (prep implantation)
- Prevents contraction
Describe: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Kidneys (Liver too)
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Low O2 in blood
Target Organ
- Red bone marrow (Proerythroblast)
Effects
- Increase RBC production
Describe: Gastrin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Stomach
- Upper Small Intestine
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Parasympathetic nerve fibers
Target Organ
- Gastric Glands
Effects
- Release gastric juices
Describe: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Duodenum
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Arrival of fats/proteins to duodenum
Target Organ
- Gallbladder
Effects
- Stimulate releases bile from gallbladder
- Slows down emptying of stomach content into small intestine
Describe: Secretin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Duodenum
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Response to acid in chyme
Target Organ
- pancreas
Effects
- Release pancreatic juice that contain bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid in chyme
Describe: Intestinal somatostatin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects
Where is it Secreted From?
- Intestinal cells
What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
- Fats in small intestine
Target Organ
- x
Effects
- Inhibit release of gastric juice (-> slow down digestion)
A hormone produced by the kidneys triggers a process to retain or remove water or salt from blood to regulate blood pressure. Which hormone is this?
- Renin
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Angiotensin
renin
Which hormone stimulate the production of sperm in males and eggs in females?
- LH
- FSH
- Estrogen
- Testosterone
FSH
