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TEAS7 > A&P: Endocrine System > Flashcards

A&P: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as a chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is carried to target cells which have receptors for those specific chemical messengers?

A

hormones

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2
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A

produce/secrete hormones that help the bodys tissues communicate with each other

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3
Q

Both the nervous system and the endocrine systems are used for communication. How do they differ?

A

In the NS, signals are sent along neruons and travel FAST; chemical signals = NT

In endocrine system, signals are sent through bloodstream and are SLOWER; chemical signal = hormone

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4
Q

T/F: Hormone are unable to be target specific because they lack specific target cells receptors

A

False, hormones are target specific and have specific target cell receptors

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5
Q

What is the structure of a steriod hormone?

A

Complex ring of C and H atoms that are derived from cholesterol

Steriod homrones is Cholesterol (starting material), which differentitaes into other steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, etc)

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6
Q

Name 5 examples of hormones that are chemically classified as steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone (androgen)
Progesterone
Estrogen

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7
Q

Describe an Amine Hormone

A

Hormones derived of amino acids (tyrosine/tryptophan)

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8
Q

Name 3 examples of Amine Hormones and know what AA they are derived from

A
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine (tyrosine)
  • Serotonin (tryptophan)
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9
Q

Describe a protein hormone

A

contains long chaings of amino acid that fold into 3D shape

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10
Q

Name 2 examples of Protein Hormones

A
  • FSH (glycoprotein)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
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11
Q

Describe a peptide hormone

A

contain short chain of AA

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of a Peptide Hormone

A

insulin
prolactin

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13
Q

What is described as a lipid based substance that affects neighboring cells (paracrnie substances)

A

prostaglandin

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14
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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15
Q

What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

The _____ links the endocrine system to the nervous system

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary

A

nerve impulses from the hypothalamus controls the release of posterior pituitary hormones

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19
Q

Name the 9 hormones that is released from the hypothalamus. Know which ones control the anterior/posterior pituitary

A

Control Anterior Pituitary:

  • Gonadotrpoing releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolactin release inhibiting hormone/dopamine (PIH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • GH inhibiting hormone/Somatostasin (GHIH/SS)

Control Posterior Pituitary:

  • Antidiuretic homrone/Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
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20
Q

List the 6 hormones that are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PiG

  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolacting (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
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21
Q

What is the function of GHIH and PIH/Dopamine? Where are these hormones secreted?

A

These hormones are secreted by the Hypothalamus.

GHIH = inhibits release of GH from Anterior Pituitary
PIH = inhibits release of Prolactin from Anterior Pituitary

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22
Q

Describe: FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release FSH (+ LH)

Target Organ

  • Ovaries/Testes

Effects

  • Development of follicles (that house eggs in ovaries)
  • Stimulate follicles to secrete estrogen
  • Stimulate production of sperm in testes (Sertoli cells)

Overall Pathway Recap

  • GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel FSH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
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23
Q

Describe: LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release LH (+ FSH)

Target Organ

  • Ovaries/Testes (Leydig cells in testes)

Effects

  • Secretion of sex hormone (both sexes)
  • Ovulation in females

Overall Pathway Recap

  • GnRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel LH ( Anterior Pituitary) -> Ovaries/Testes
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24
Q

Describe: ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • CRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release ACTH

Target Organ

  • Adrenal cortex (outside layer of adrenal gland)

Effects

  • Stimulate release of certain hormones in adrenal cortex

Overall Pathway Recap

  • CRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel ACTH (Anterior Pituitary) -> Adrenal Cortex
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25
Q

Describe: TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • TRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release TSH

Target Organ

  • Thyroid Gland

Effects

  • Stimulate release of thyroid hormones (T4, T3)
  • Stimulate growth of thyroid gland

Overall Pathway Recap

  • TRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel TSH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Thyroid Gland
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26
Q

Describe: PRL (Prolactin)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • PRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release PRL

Target Organ

  • Mammary Gland

Effects

  • Milk production/secretion
  • Development mammary glands

Overall Pathway Recap

  • PRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel PRL (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Mammary Gland
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27
Q

Describe: GH (Growth Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Anterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • GHRH from Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release GH

Target Organ

  • Muscle + Bone

Effects

  • Stimulate cells to enlarge/divide = growth

Overall Pathway Recap

  • GHRH (Hypothalamus) -> rel GH (Anterior Pituitary) -> target Muscle + Bone
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28
Q

Describe: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Posterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • High blood concentration of solutes (high osmolality)/low BV/BP

Target Organ

  • Kidneys
  • Smooth muscles of arterioles (BV)

Effects

  • Kidney increase H2O reabsorbtion (reduce water secretion)
  • Vasoconstriction (= increase BV/BP)

Overall Pathway Recap

  • ADH (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Kidne
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29
Q

Describe: Oxytocin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects, Overall Pathway Recap

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Posterior Pituitary

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Stretch of uterine wall
  • Stimulation of breasts

Target Organ

  • Uterine smooth muscle
  • Mammary Glands

Effects

  • Uterine Contraction
  • Milk release/secretion (milk let-down)

Overall Pathway Recap

  • Oxytocin (prod Hypothalamus) -> stored in Posterior Pituitary -> target Uterine smooth muscle/Mammary Glands
30
Q

What is the function of the Pineal Gland?
(What hormone does it produce, what stimualtes it to be produced, target?, and what is the effect of that hormone)

A
  • Produces: Melatonin
  • Stimualted: secreted when eyes detect low light
  • Target: Brain
  • Effect: regulate daily wake and sleep rhythm
31
Q

List 3 hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland

A

T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Calcitonin

32
Q

What is the difference between T4 and T3?

A

T4 (thyroxine): Inactive form, more iodine atoms (4)

T3 (triiodothryonine): Active form, fewer iodine atoms (3)

33
Q

Which element is important for thyroid function? Why?

A

Iodine because T4 and T3 incorporate iodine into their structure

34
Q

Describe: T4 (Thryoxine) AND T3 (Triiodothyronine)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Thyroid Gland

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • TSH (Anterior Pituitary)

Target Organ

  • Most cells

Effects

  • Increases metabolism/rate of energy consumption
35
Q

Describe: Calcitonin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Thyroid Gland

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Secretion stimulated by HIGH blood Ca2+ levels

Target Organ

  • Bone
  • Kidneys

Effects

  • Inhibit osteoclast (no osteoclast = no Ca2+ rel)
  • Stimulate osteoblasts (use up Ca2+ = decrease Ca2+ in body)
  • Increase Ca2+ secretion in kidneys (rid Ca2+)
36
Q

Describe the location of the parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland

37
Q

What hormone is release by the Parathryoid gland? What stimulates its production? What organ(s) does it target and what are the effects?

A

Hormone: PTH (Parathyroid Homrone)
Production Stimulated: Low Blood Ca2+ Levels
Target: Bone and Kidneys
Effects:

  • Stimulate osteoclast (BD/resorb bone = release Ca2+)
  • Inhibit osteoblast (do not use up Ca2+ = more Ca2+ availiable)
  • Stimulate Ca2+ reabsorbing in kidneys
38
Q

Which hormone is in a negative feedback loop with calcitonin?

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

39
Q

What are the two hormones that regulate calcium ion homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin (Thyroid)
PTH (Parathryoid)

40
Q

Be able to explain the homeostatic regulate of Calcium

A

IF Ca2+ is too high, thryoid gland is stimulated to produce Calcitonin in an attempt to lower blood Ca2+ levels. Calcitonin will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ deposition via osteoblasts and reduce activity of osteoclasts. It will also target the kidneys to reduce Ca2+ uptake so that it can be excreted as urine.

IF Ca2+ is too low, the parathyroid gland is stimulated to produce PTH in an attempt to raise blood Ca2+ levels. PTh will target the bone to stimulate Ca2+ release via osteoclasts and reduce activity of osteoblasts. It will also target the kidneys to uptake Ca2+ to increase Ca2+ levels.

41
Q

Describe the location of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys

42
Q

The adrenal cortex is divided into two parts know as the…

A

adrenal medulla (central portion)
adrenal cortex (outer portion)

43
Q

Which hormone(s) are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

44
Q

Describe: Epinephrine/
Norepinephrine
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Adrenal Medulla

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Stimulated by nerve signals from SANS (sympathetic NS)

Target Organ
Many Organs:

  • Heart
  • BV
  • Airways
  • Liver

Effects
Fight/Flight Effects:

  • ⬆HR
  • Dilated Airways
  • Liver breakdown glycogen to glucose (for E)
45
Q

Describe: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticosteroids)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Adrenal Cortex

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • High K+ levels
  • Secreted in presence of Angiotensin II (Renin-angiotensin system) during low BV/BP

Target Organ

  • Kidneys

Effects
Works to increase BP/BV:

  • Kidney reabsorbe (conserve) Na+ and H2O (via osmosis)
  • Increase K+ secretion (excreted)
46
Q

Describe: Cortisol
(Glucocorticosteroids)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Adrenal Cortex

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Secretion caused by ACTH from Anterior Pituitary

Target Organ

  • All tissues

Effects
Metabolism:

  • Decreases protein synthesis
  • Increase FA (fatty acid) release
  • Convert glucose from noncarb sources
47
Q

Describe: Androgens
(Sex Hormone)
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Adrenal Cortex
  • What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?
  • x

Target Organ

  • Most tissue

Effects

  • Stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics (converted into estrogen/testosterone before puberty/after menopause)
48
Q

What 3 hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticosteroids), Cortisol (Glucocorticosteroids), Androgens (Sex Hormones)

49
Q

What hormone is produced by the Thymus Gland? What organ does it target? What is the effect

A

Hormone: Thymosin
Targeted Organ: Lymphatic tissue
Effect: stimulate production of T cells

50
Q

What 3 hormones that are produced by the pancreas?

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin/Growth Hormone IH (GHIH)

51
Q

List the three types of cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • delta cells
52
Q

Describe: Insulin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Beta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • High Blood Glucose levels

Target Organ

  • Liver
  • Adipose cells

Effects

  • Decrease Blood Glucose levels by increasing diffusion of glucose across cell membranes and stimulate liver to convert glucose into glycogen
53
Q

Describe: Glucagon
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Alpha cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Low Blood Glucose levels

Target Organ

  • Liver

Effects

  • Increase Blood Glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose
54
Q

Describe: GHIH (Growth Hormone IH)/Somatostatin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Delta cells of pancreatic islets in Pancreas

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Alpha and Beta cells in Pancreas

Target Organ

  • x

Effects

  • Inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin to help regulate carbohydrates
55
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

mediastinum above the heart

56
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the testes?

A

testosterone

57
Q

What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A

estrogen (follicle cells, and corpus luteum)
progesterone (corpus luteum)

58
Q

List 3 hormones secreted by the placenta

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • human chorionic gonadrotropin (hCG)
59
Q

What hormone is secreted by the heart?

A

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

60
Q

Describe: ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Heart

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Atrial wall stretches due to high BP

Target Organ

  • Kidney
  • Adrenal Cortex

Effects

  • Block release of renin from kidney and aldosterone from adrenal cortex = Promote loss of sodium ions and water = decrease BV/BP
61
Q

Describe: Testosterone
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Testes (Leydig Cells)

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • x

Target Organ

  • Bones
  • Muscle
  • Vocal Cords

Effects

  • (Help) Maturation of Sperm
  • Male secondary sexual characteristics
62
Q

Describe: Estrogen
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Follicle cells in Ovaries
  • Corpus Luteum

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • x

Target Organ

  • Uterus
  • Adipose Tissue

Effects

  • Follicle maturation
  • Female secondary characteristics
  • Regulate menstrual cycle
63
Q

Describe: Progesterone
Include: Where is it secreted from, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Corpus Luteum in Ovaries
  • Placenta

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • x

Target Organ

  • Uterus

Effects

  • Maintains uterine wall (prep implantation)
  • Prevents contraction
64
Q

Describe: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Kidneys (Liver too)

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Low O2 in blood

Target Organ

  • Red bone marrow (Proerythroblast)

Effects

  • Increase RBC production
65
Q

Describe: Gastrin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Stomach
  • Upper Small Intestine

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Parasympathetic nerve fibers

Target Organ

  • Gastric Glands

Effects

  • Release gastric juices
66
Q

Describe: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Duodenum

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Arrival of fats/proteins to duodenum

Target Organ

  • Gallbladder

Effects

  • Stimulate releases bile from gallbladder
  • Slows down emptying of stomach content into small intestine
67
Q

Describe: Secretin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Target Organ, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Duodenum

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Response to acid in chyme

Target Organ

  • pancreas

Effects

  • Release pancreatic juice that contain bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid in chyme
68
Q

Describe: Intestinal somatostatin
Include: Where is it secreted from, What stimulates it to be secreted/released, Effects

A

Where is it Secreted From?

  • Intestinal cells

What Stimulates it to be Secreted/Released?

  • Fats in small intestine

Target Organ

  • x

Effects

  • Inhibit release of gastric juice (-> slow down digestion)
69
Q

A hormone produced by the kidneys triggers a process to retain or remove water or salt from blood to regulate blood pressure. Which hormone is this?

  • Renin
  • Aldosterone
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Angiotensin
A

renin

70
Q

Which hormone stimulate the production of sperm in males and eggs in females?

  • LH
  • FSH
  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone
A

FSH

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