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TEAS7 > A&P: The Digestive System > Flashcards

A&P: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical Digestion: Chewing, churning of stomach
  • Chemical Digestion: Enzymes break down food into smaller pieces for better nutrient absorption.
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2
Q

What 4 functions do organs perform during digestion?

A
  • Ingestion: food enters digestive tract
  • Secretion: rel. of H2O, acids, enzymes, and buffers by digestive tract and accessory organs
  • Absorption: movement of nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, water across digestive epithelium
  • Excretion: removal of waste products
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3
Q

Which layer of the digestive system would contain mucous membranes?

A

The Mucosa, innermost layer, has mucous membranes.

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4
Q

Where are chief cells found? (BE SPECIFIC)

A

In mucosal membranes of mucosa layers of the stomach

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5
Q

What layer of the digestive system contains smooth muscle?

A

The muscaris (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)

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6
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Oral Cavity

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6
Q

If digestion begins in the mouth, what macromolecules are beginning to be digested?

A

carbs & lipids

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7
Q

Which salivary gland is located inferiorly to the jaw?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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8
Q

Where is the enzyme the breaks down starches produced? What is the name of this enzyme?

A
  • produced by salivary glands in the oral cavity.
  • enzyme = salivary amylase
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9
Q

What is formed in the oral cavity after mastication?
What is this substance called and what does it contain?
Where does it move to AFTER is passes through the pharynx?

A
  • Bolus
    -> mixture of food, enzymes, and saliva
  • Pharynx -> Esophagus
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10
Q

What digestive organ does peristalsis begin?

A

Esophagus

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11
Q

Where does digestive organ do the breakdown of protein begin?
What enzyme facilitates the digestion of proteins?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pesin (breaks down protein)
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12
Q

What is produced by gastric glands of gastric pits of the stomach that contributes to the acidic environment of the stomach?

A
  • HCl (by parietal cells) within the gastric juice
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13
Q

Where is chyme produced?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

Which cell of the gastric glands of gastric pits of the stomach is responsible for secreting HCl? Pepsinogen? Mucus that protects stomach lining from acid?

A
  • Parietal cells (secrete HCl)
  • Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
  • Mucus neck cells (protect stomach lining)
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15
Q

Understand how pepsin is formed, what organ its formed in, and what its function is?

A
  • inactive pepsinogen (via chief cells) gets converted to active pepsin via HCl (secreted by parietal cells)
  • pepsin is formed in the stomach
  • fxn of pepsin is to breakdown proteins into AA
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16
Q

Rugae is defined as folds in the stomach. What is the purpose of this?

A

Rugae increase surface area for mucous productions and allows for expansion

17
Q

Describe Gastrin

Include: Where it is produced, target organ, and fxn/why it is released

A
  • Produced:
    -> Stomach & Duodenum
  • Target Organ:
    -> Stomach
  • fxn
    -> Stimulate stomach to produce acids, enzymes, and increase motility
18
Q

Describe Secretin

Include: Where it is produced, target organ, and fxn/why it is released

A
  • Produced:
    -> Duodenum
  • Target Organ:
    -> Liver & Pancreas
  • fxn
    -> When pH falls in the duodenum (due to arrival of acidic chyme), secretin will cause increase of bile production and buffers from Liver and Pancreas. The buffers (sodium bicarb) will increase the pH for effective digestion/enzyme fxn
19
Q

Describe Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Include: Where it is produced, target organ, and fxn/why it is released

A
  • Produced:
    -> Duodenum
  • Target Organ:
    -> Pancreas & Gallbladder
  • fxn
    -> Pancreas: production/secretion of digestive enzymes
    -> Gallbladder: ejection of bile into the duodenum
20
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A
  • Bile is made in the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder
21
Q

What organ of the digestive system does absorption of nutrients primarily occur in?

A
  • Small intestine
22
Q

What part of the small intestine receives exocrine secretion from pancreas and liver AND receives chyme?

A

Duodenum

23
Q

Which part of the small intestine does nutrient absorption mainly occur in?

A

Jejunum

24
Q

What is the fxn of villi/microvilli in the small intestine?

A

FXN: increases surface area for absorption (⬆surface area = ⬆contact with chyme = ⬆nutrient absorption)

25
Q

What substances/enzymes does the intestinal wall (microvilli/villi) of the small intestine secrete? Know what each will breakdown/produce

A
  • Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Peptidases (breakdown protein)
  • Sucrase (breakdown carbs)
  • Maltase (breakdown carbs)
  • Lactase (breakdown carbs)
  • Intestinal lipase (breakdown lipids)
26
Q

What produces pancreatic juices?

A

Pancreas via pancreatic acinar cells

27
Q

What is pancreatic juice composed of?

A

mixture of digestive enzymes & buffers (sodium bicarbonate)

28
Q

Name ALL digestive enzymes the pancreas produces and know what they will help breakdown

A
  • Pancreatic amylase (breakdown carbs)
  • Pancreatic lipase (breakdown lipids)
  • Nucleases (breakdown nucleic acids)
  • Proteases (breakdown proteins)
    -> Trypsin
    -> Chymotrypsin
    -> Carboxypeptidase
29
Q

What organ is the largest VISCERAL organ?

A

Liver

30
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsify (breakdown) fats into small globules

31
Q

What organ functions are the largest blood reservoir in the body?

A

Liver

32
Q

What organ receives all nutrients/toxins from the small intestine before they reach the body?

A

Liver

Nutrients absorbed from SI -> villi -> Blood vessles (in villi) -> liver

33
Q

What organ functions in monitoring and adjusting circulating levels of organic nutrients?

A

Liver

34
Q

What digestive organ does water reabsorption occur?

A

Large intestine

35
Q

What digestive organ does compaction of feces occur?

A

Large intestine

36
Q

What digestive organ would important vitamins made by microbiome bacteria such as Vit K, Biotin, and B5 be absorbed?

A

Large intestine

37
Q

Describe the pathway of feces once it reaches the cecum (after ileocecal valve opens)

A

Feces arrives at cecum when ileocecal valve opens -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

38
Q

What organ is attached to the cecum that contain lymphoid tissue?

A

Appendix

39
Q

What part of the large intestine stores feces?

A

Rectum

40
Q

What part of the large intestine contains sphincters that will cause the release of feces?

A

Anus

41
Q

A doctor tells their patient that the patient is deficient in many vitamins. The doctor says that they think the patient has issues absorbing vitamins. Which digestive organ is most likely impaired?

  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Kidney
  • Stomach
A

small intestine

TEAS7 (48 decks)

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