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TEAS7 > A&P: Nervous System > Flashcards

A&P: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 main function of the NS

A

RECIEVE, DECIDE, REACT (Sensory, Integrative, Motor)

  • Monitors internal/external environemen
  • Integrates sensory information
  • Coordinates voluntary/involuntary responses of other organ systems
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2
Q

Name the different divisions the NS can be divided into. (Hint: draw out flowchart). Include any extra information about each division

A

NS
- CNS: brain/spinal cord
- PNS: cranial nerves/spinal nerves
-> SNS: voluntary control
-> ANS: involuntary control
-»SANS: fight/flight
-»PANS: rest/digest

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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4
Q

What do electrical signals pass through for communication that usually consists of a dendrite, cell body, and axon?

A

neurons

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5
Q

Define: Nerve

A

bundles of axons

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6
Q

What is defined as electrical changes along a nerve cell membrane

A

action potential

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7
Q

What is defined as the space between a neuron and the cell(s) that it communicates with

A

synapse

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8
Q

What are the three main parts to a neuron?

A

dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon

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9
Q

List the direction a nerve impulse travels through a neuron

A

dedrite -> soma (cell body) -> axon -> axon terminal

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10
Q

Define: Neuroglia

A

cells that support the neuron

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11
Q

What is defined as insulation covering of axons that allows for increased speed of an action potential

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is defined as chemical messengers that convey the information in the synapse

A

neurotransmitters

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13
Q

What are gaps between the myelin sheath ?

A

nodes of ranvier

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14
Q

What part of the neuron are neutrotransmitters relased from?

A

axon terminals

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15
Q

Name the 5 types of neuroglia and know the function of each

A
  • Astrocytes: maintain BBB (blood-brain barrier)
  • Oligodendrocytes: create myelin sheath in CNS
  • Schwann cells: create myelin sheath in PNS
  • Microglia: phagocytes derived from WBC that engul pathogens in CNS
  • Ependymal cells: line fluid filled cavities in CNS and make CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)
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16
Q

What is CSF and the function of CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)?

A

fluid in subarachnoid space and brain ventricles that act as a shock absorber and circulates nutrients

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17
Q

List the 4 major regions of the brain. Include substructures if necessary

A

Cerebrum: divided into L and R hemispheres; divided by a longitudinal fissure

Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalmus

Brain Stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

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18
Q

Be able to label major structures of the brain. Refer to Nervous System notes

A

refer to NS notes

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19
Q

The ____ are three layers of membranes that protect the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

A

Meninges

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20
Q

Name the different layers of the meninges. Describe each one

A

Dura Mater: outermost layer, tough, contains BV
Arachnoid Mater: weblike, underneath is subarachnoid space that contains CSF
Pia Mater: innermost, delicate

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21
Q

How many lobes is the cerebrum divided into? What are the names of these lobes. Know /be able to label location of each

A

4 lobes
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe

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22
Q

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are divided by the __________ __________

A

longitudinal fissure

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23
Q

What structure of the brain does information pass between the left and right hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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24
Q

The surface of cerebrum is called the ______ ________ and it is made of ________ ________ (___________)

A

cebebral cortex
gray matter (unmyelinated)

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25
Q

The cerebral cortex has ______ (grooves) and ________ (bulges)

A

sucli (grooves)
gyri (bulges; increase surface area of brain tissue)

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26
Q

What part of the brain controls conscious thought (reasoning, intelligence), voluntary movement, and sensory processing?

A

Cerebrum

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27
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for intellectual function (concentration, planning, problem solving) and voluntary movement?

A

frontal lobe

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28
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains areas that recieve sensory information from the skin?

A

parietal lobe

29
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for hearing?

A

temporal

30
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for vision?

A

occipital lobe

31
Q

What are two parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

32
Q

What acts as a selective gateway for all senses, EXCEPT SMELL? (this means that it ignores sensations that arent necessary)

A

thalamus

33
Q

What part of the brain maintains controls hormones and maintains homeostasis through autonomic nervous system regulation. These autonomic innervations control hunger, sleep, heart rate, BP, etc.

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

35
Q

What part of the brain is in charge of visual and auditory processing? It also helps maintain conciousness

A

Midbrain

36
Q

What part of the brain relays information to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum? It can also help maintain rate of involuntary breathing

A

Pons

37
Q

What part of the brain is primarily responsibel for controling heart rate, blood breassure, depth of breathing? It also contains nonvital reflex centers such as swallowing and vomitting

A

Medulla oblongata

38
Q

What part of the brain coordinates balance, posture, skm movement, and recievies sensory information regarding body parts?

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

Define: Efferent neurons (motor neurons)

A

motor nerves that carry info from the CNS out to effectors (glands and muscles)

40
Q

Define: Afferent neurons (sensory neurons)

A

Sensory nerves that carry messages toward the CNS

41
Q

Define: Interneurons

A

neurons inside the CNS that are between the sensory and motor neurons that are involved in processing and interpreting information

42
Q

What is defined as the area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

A

dermatone

43
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Pupils dilate

A

Sympathetic

44
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Increase HR

A

sympathetic

45
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Airways dilate

A

sympathetic

46
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Stimulates sweat glands to secrete sweat

A

sympathetic

47
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Liver increases conversion of glycogen to glucose

A

sympathetic

48
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Decrease in digestive activity

A

sympathetic

49
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Stimulate production of adrenaline

A

sympathetic

50
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Relaxes bladder wall muscles, but contracts bladders spincter muscles to retain urine

A

sympathetic

51
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Pupils constrict

A

parasympathetic

52
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Decrease in HR

A

Parasympathetic

53
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Airways constrict

A

parasympathetic

54
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Contraction of gallbladder

A

parasympathetic

55
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Contracts bladder wall muscles but relaxes bladders spincheter miscles to release urine

A

parasympathetic

56
Q

Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?

Releaxes urethral spincter

A

parasympathetic

57
Q

Compare white matter from grey matter

A

white matter: groups of myelinated axons
grey matter: unmyelinated

58
Q

What is the name of the neuron that brings the nerve impulse to the synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

59
Q

What is the name of the neuron that recieves signals from a presynaptic neuron at a synapse?

A

postsynaptic neuron

60
Q

Compare the electrical charge of a neuron between the outside and inside

A

Inside: more negative
Outside: more positive

61
Q

ele

Which ions create the cell membrane potential?

A

Sodium and Potassium via the sodium-potassium pump

62
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV
is the electrical charge difference when the neuron is NOT sending a signal

63
Q

What is depolarization?

A

phase in AP where the cells normally negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaching a positive value

64
Q

What is repolarization?

A

phase of AP where membrane potential returns to resting negative value after depolarization

65
Q

How is depolarization related to an AP?

A

When a neuron is depolarizing, it is able to reach a threshold that triggers the AP

When this happens, The AP generated and leads to propagation of a nerve impulse alone the neurons axon

66
Q

A certain type of nerve cell can be described as a bridge between afferent and efferent nerves. Which term describes this type of nerve?

  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudo-unipolar
  • Multipolar
A

multipolar

67
Q

A person on a hike comes face to face with a large bear, causing them to become frightened. Which structure within the brain makes them feel?

  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • medulla oblongata
  • thalamus
A

amygdala

68
Q

Recognized as the aggression center, areas of this region produces feelings such as anger, violence, fear, and anxiety.

A

amygdala (limbic system)

69
Q

This helps convert short-term memory to long-term memory. If the this thing is destroyed, new memories cannot be formed but old memories are retained.

A

hippocampus

TEAS7 (48 decks)

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