A&P: Nervous System Flashcards
List 3 main function of the NS
RECIEVE, DECIDE, REACT (Sensory, Integrative, Motor)
- Monitors internal/external environemen
- Integrates sensory information
- Coordinates voluntary/involuntary responses of other organ systems
Name the different divisions the NS can be divided into. (Hint: draw out flowchart). Include any extra information about each division
NS
- CNS: brain/spinal cord
- PNS: cranial nerves/spinal nerves
-> SNS: voluntary control
-> ANS: involuntary control
-»SANS: fight/flight
-»PANS: rest/digest
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
neuron
What do electrical signals pass through for communication that usually consists of a dendrite, cell body, and axon?
neurons
Define: Nerve
bundles of axons
What is defined as electrical changes along a nerve cell membrane
action potential
What is defined as the space between a neuron and the cell(s) that it communicates with
synapse
What are the three main parts to a neuron?
dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon
List the direction a nerve impulse travels through a neuron
dedrite -> soma (cell body) -> axon -> axon terminal
Define: Neuroglia
cells that support the neuron
What is defined as insulation covering of axons that allows for increased speed of an action potential
myelin sheath
What is defined as chemical messengers that convey the information in the synapse
neurotransmitters
What are gaps between the myelin sheath ?
nodes of ranvier
What part of the neuron are neutrotransmitters relased from?
axon terminals
Name the 5 types of neuroglia and know the function of each
- Astrocytes: maintain BBB (blood-brain barrier)
- Oligodendrocytes: create myelin sheath in CNS
- Schwann cells: create myelin sheath in PNS
- Microglia: phagocytes derived from WBC that engul pathogens in CNS
- Ependymal cells: line fluid filled cavities in CNS and make CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)
What is CSF and the function of CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)?
fluid in subarachnoid space and brain ventricles that act as a shock absorber and circulates nutrients
List the 4 major regions of the brain. Include substructures if necessary
Cerebrum: divided into L and R hemispheres; divided by a longitudinal fissure
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalmus
Brain Stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Be able to label major structures of the brain. Refer to Nervous System notes
refer to NS notes
The ____ are three layers of membranes that protect the CNS (brain and spinal cord).
Meninges
Name the different layers of the meninges. Describe each one
Dura Mater: outermost layer, tough, contains BV
Arachnoid Mater: weblike, underneath is subarachnoid space that contains CSF
Pia Mater: innermost, delicate
How many lobes is the cerebrum divided into? What are the names of these lobes. Know /be able to label location of each
4 lobes
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
The left and right hemispheres of the brain are divided by the __________ __________
longitudinal fissure
What structure of the brain does information pass between the left and right hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
The surface of cerebrum is called the ______ ________ and it is made of ________ ________ (___________)
cebebral cortex
gray matter (unmyelinated)
The cerebral cortex has ______ (grooves) and ________ (bulges)
sucli (grooves)
gyri (bulges; increase surface area of brain tissue)
What part of the brain controls conscious thought (reasoning, intelligence), voluntary movement, and sensory processing?
Cerebrum
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for intellectual function (concentration, planning, problem solving) and voluntary movement?
frontal lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains areas that recieve sensory information from the skin?
parietal lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for hearing?
temporal
Which lobe of the cerebrum has areas responsible for vision?
occipital lobe
What are two parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
What acts as a selective gateway for all senses, EXCEPT SMELL? (this means that it ignores sensations that arent necessary)
thalamus
What part of the brain maintains controls hormones and maintains homeostasis through autonomic nervous system regulation. These autonomic innervations control hunger, sleep, heart rate, BP, etc.
Hypothalamus
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
What part of the brain is in charge of visual and auditory processing? It also helps maintain conciousness
Midbrain
What part of the brain relays information to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum? It can also help maintain rate of involuntary breathing
Pons
What part of the brain is primarily responsibel for controling heart rate, blood breassure, depth of breathing? It also contains nonvital reflex centers such as swallowing and vomitting
Medulla oblongata
What part of the brain coordinates balance, posture, skm movement, and recievies sensory information regarding body parts?
Cerebellum
Define: Efferent neurons (motor neurons)
motor nerves that carry info from the CNS out to effectors (glands and muscles)
Define: Afferent neurons (sensory neurons)
Sensory nerves that carry messages toward the CNS
Define: Interneurons
neurons inside the CNS that are between the sensory and motor neurons that are involved in processing and interpreting information
What is defined as the area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
dermatone
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Pupils dilate
Sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Increase HR
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Airways dilate
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Stimulates sweat glands to secrete sweat
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Liver increases conversion of glycogen to glucose
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Decrease in digestive activity
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Stimulate production of adrenaline
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Relaxes bladder wall muscles, but contracts bladders spincter muscles to retain urine
sympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Pupils constrict
parasympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Decrease in HR
Parasympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Airways constrict
parasympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Contraction of gallbladder
parasympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Contracts bladder wall muscles but relaxes bladders spincheter miscles to release urine
parasympathetic
Symphathetic OR Parasympathetic?
Releaxes urethral spincter
parasympathetic
Compare white matter from grey matter
white matter: groups of myelinated axons
grey matter: unmyelinated
What is the name of the neuron that brings the nerve impulse to the synapse
presynaptic neuron
What is the name of the neuron that recieves signals from a presynaptic neuron at a synapse?
postsynaptic neuron
Compare the electrical charge of a neuron between the outside and inside
Inside: more negative
Outside: more positive
ele
Which ions create the cell membrane potential?
Sodium and Potassium via the sodium-potassium pump
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70mV
is the electrical charge difference when the neuron is NOT sending a signal
What is depolarization?
phase in AP where the cells normally negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaching a positive value
What is repolarization?
phase of AP where membrane potential returns to resting negative value after depolarization
How is depolarization related to an AP?
When a neuron is depolarizing, it is able to reach a threshold that triggers the AP
When this happens, The AP generated and leads to propagation of a nerve impulse alone the neurons axon
A certain type of nerve cell can be described as a bridge between afferent and efferent nerves. Which term describes this type of nerve?
- Unipolar
- Bipolar
- Pseudo-unipolar
- Multipolar
multipolar
A person on a hike comes face to face with a large bear, causing them to become frightened. Which structure within the brain makes them feel?
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- medulla oblongata
- thalamus
amygdala
Recognized as the aggression center, areas of this region produces feelings such as anger, violence, fear, and anxiety.
amygdala (limbic system)
This helps convert short-term memory to long-term memory. If the this thing is destroyed, new memories cannot be formed but old memories are retained.
hippocampus
