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BIOL 204 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?

A

active

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2
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of innate immunity?

A

1) local
2) nonspecific
3) lacking memory

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3
Q

what are 3 characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

1) systemic effect
2) specificity
3) memory

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4
Q

what are the different ways to classify adaptive immunity?

A

cellular (cell-mediated) immunity vs. humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

natural vs. artificial active immunity

natural vs. artificial passive immunity

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5
Q

what is cellular (cell-mediated) immunity?

A

employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

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6
Q

what is humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?

A

employs antibodies that don’t directly destroy pathogens but tag them for destruction

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7
Q

what is natural active immunity?

A

natural exposure to antigen causes production of one’s own antibodies or T cells

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8
Q

what is artificial active immunity?

A

vaccination causes production of one’s own antibodies or T cells

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9
Q

what is natural passive immunity?

A

temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person

ex. fetus from mother’s placenta or baby during breast-feeding

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10
Q

what is artificial passive immunity?

A

temporary immunity that results form injection of an immune serum abstained from another person or from animals that have antibodies against a certain pathogen

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11
Q

T or F:

natural active immunity –> a person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain

A

T

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12
Q

T or F:

artificial active immunity –> a person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance

A

T

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13
Q

T or F:

natural passive immunity –> a baby acquires resistance to a virus thru antibodies obtained thru breast milk

A

T

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14
Q

T or F:

artificial passive immunity –> an antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snack. The antibody infers resistance.

A

T

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15
Q

When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?

A

passive

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16
Q

differentiate passive immunity from active immunity

A

passive – obtain antibodies from another person or animal –> temporary

active – your body makes its own antibodies against pathogens

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17
Q

What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?

A

antigen

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18
Q

Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.

A

T, B

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19
Q

The body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen is natural ___ immunity

A

active

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20
Q

The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the ___

A

epitope (antigenic determinants)

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21
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Acquiring one’s own immunity against an attenuated pathogen

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22
Q

An incomplete antigen is also known as a ______.

A

hapten

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23
Q

In artificial ___ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.

A

passive

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24
Q

which area of an antibody determines its class?

A

structures of their C region

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25
Q

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) ___

A

antigen

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26
Q

Choose all the processes through with the great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecules is produced.

  • somatic hypermutation
  • anergy
  • clonal selection
  • somatic recombination
A

somatic hypermutation

somatic recombination

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27
Q

what is somatic recombination?

A

forms new combinations of DNA base sequences in somatic (nonreproductive) cells

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28
Q

what is somatic hypermutation?

A

B cells in germinal centers of lymphatic nodules undergo exceptionally high rates of mutation

not just recombining preexisting DNA but creating wholly new DNA sequences

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29
Q

B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.

A

humoral
- B cells –> plasma cells –> antibodies –> tags pathogens for destruction

cell-mediated
- T cells –> directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

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30
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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31
Q

What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response?

A

epitope

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32
Q

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as ___

A

immunocompetent

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33
Q

Which is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule?

A

hapten

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34
Q

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?

A

a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments

the ability to recognize self MHC proteins

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35
Q

which area of an antibody determines specificity?

A

antigen-binding site on variable (V) region

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36
Q

The type of recombination whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells is ______ recombination.

A

somatic

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37
Q

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

A

naive

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38
Q

Which lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow and then finish maturation in the thymus?

A

T

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39
Q

Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called ___-presenting cells

A

antigen

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40
Q

What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?

A

immunocompetence

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41
Q

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

A

MHC proteins

42
Q

During which of the following are self reacting T cells eliminated?

A

negative T cell selection

43
Q

which area of an antibody determines its class?

A

constant (C) region

44
Q

Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?

A

interleukins

45
Q

A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be ___

A

naive

immunocompetent

46
Q

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?

A

antigen-presenting cell

47
Q

Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?

A

cytotoxic

48
Q

Choose all that describe MHC proteins.

  • MHC proteins are identical in members of the same species
  • MHC proteins function as self identity markers
  • MHC proteins present endogenous antigens
  • MHC proteins present exogenous antigens
A

MHC proteins function as self identity markers

MHC proteins present endogenous antigens

MHC proteins present exogenous antigens

49
Q

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?

  • the ability to become anergic
  • a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments
  • the ability to react to self proteins
  • the ability to recognize self MHC proteins
A

a lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments

the ability to recognize self MHC proteins

50
Q

T cells that perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity are called ___ T cells.

A

helper or CD4

51
Q

True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.

A

true

52
Q

Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?

A

regulatory T cell

53
Q

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

A

naive

54
Q

T cells that are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity are called ___ T cells.

A

memory

55
Q

T cells that attack foreign cells are ___ T cells

A

cytotoxic

56
Q

Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?

A

I

57
Q

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

A

MHC proteins

58
Q

Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?

A

APCs

59
Q

Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?

A

helper T cell

60
Q

The process called ___ selection results in the formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope.

A

clonal

61
Q

T cells that inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses are called ___ T cells.

A

regulatory

62
Q

Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.

A

clones

63
Q

Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?

A

memory T cells

64
Q

What are the 4 substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells?

A

perforin
granzymes
interferons
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

65
Q

Where are type I MHC proteins found?

A

On all nucleated body cells

66
Q

Which class of MHC proteins occur only on APCs?

A

II

67
Q

Choose all the reasons why memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again.

A

There are more of them.
There are fewer steps to activation.

68
Q

Choose all the events that must occur to activate a T cell.

A

It binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein.

It is costimulated by other surface molecules.

69
Q

Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

A

Humoral

70
Q

Which describes a clonal population of T cells?

A

They are identical.
They are self-tolerant.
They react to the same antigen.

71
Q

Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?

A

cytotoxic

72
Q

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ___ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection

A

helper

73
Q

Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?

A

I

74
Q

Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?

A

MHC-II proteins

75
Q

The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.

A

recall

76
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.

A

B

77
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

78
Q

Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.

A

clones

79
Q

Choose of of the following ways antibodies function to render antigens harmless.

A

neutralization
complement fixation
agglutination
precipitation

80
Q

Place the events of the humoral response in order beginning at the top.

A

1) immunocompetent B cells bind to an antigen

2) A B cell internalizes an antigen and displays it on MHC-II proteins to TH cells

3) TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell

4) the B cell undergoes clonal selection

5) B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells

6) plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

81
Q

Choose all that are required for activation of a B cell.

A

Usually, it must bind a helper T cell.

It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.

82
Q

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

A

Agglutination

83
Q

Choose all the reasons why memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again.

A

There are more of them.

There are fewer steps to activation.

84
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of a primary immune response.

A

IgM antibodies are formed first.

It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen.

Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.

85
Q

cells that secrete antibodies are called ___ cells

A

plasma

86
Q

What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?

A

antibody tier

87
Q

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.

A

antibodies

88
Q

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ___ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection.

A

helper

89
Q

The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.

A

agglutination

90
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of a secondary immune response.

A

Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.

IgG antibodies are formed first.

It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.

91
Q

To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?

A

Antibody titer

92
Q

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

A

Agglutination

93
Q

which type of antibody is formed first during primary immune response?

A

IgM

93
Q

which type of antibody is formed first during primary immune response?

A

IgM

94
Q

what are the 4 ways antibodies attack antigens?

A

(1) neutralization

(2) complement fixation

(3) agglutination

(4) precipitation

95
Q

describe how antibody attacks antigens:

neutralization

A

antibody covers over pathogenic part of antigen

96
Q

describe how antibody attacks antigens:

complement fixation

A

antibody binds complement proteins to enemy cell –> inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, and cytolysis

IgM and IgG bind to enemy cells and change shape, exposing their complement-binding sites –> initiates binding of complement to the enemy cell surface and leads to inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, and cytolysis

97
Q

describe how antibody attacks antigens:

agglutination

A

antibody clumps enemy cells together –> immobilizes pathogens and prevents them from spreading –> allows neutrophils and macrophages to come and phagocytize clusters of bacteria

98
Q

describe how antibody attacks antigens:

precipitation

A

antigen molecules (not whole cells) are clumped to antibodies –> form large Ag-Ab complexes –> can be removed by immune clearance or phagocytize by eosinophils

99
Q

choose all of the substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells.

A

interferons
perforins
tumor necrosis factor
granzymes

100
Q

process where antibodies make molecule insoluble and less mobile is an example of ___

A

precipitation

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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