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BIOL 204 > Lecture 13 – Review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 13 – Review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main organs of the urinary system?

A
  1. kidneys (2)
  2. ureters (2)
  3. urinary bladder (1)
  4. urethra (1)
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2
Q

what are the 3 primary functions of the kidneys? Give examples.

function (1)

A

synthetic function

kidneys produce:
- erythropoietin
- calcitriol
- renin

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3
Q

what are the 3 primary functions of the kidneys? Give examples.

function (2)

A

excretion

blood w/ metabolic waste:

metabolic waste products:
- urea
- creatnine
- uric acid
- bilirubin

ingested toxins:
- drugs
- pesticides

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4
Q

what are the 3 primary functions of the kidneys? Give examples.

function (3)

A

regulation

  • water and electrolytes
  • acid-base
  • arterial BP
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5
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine?

A

nephron

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6
Q

what are the 2 major parts of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

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7
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

part of the nephron

filters the blood plasma

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8
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule

glomerulus

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9
Q

what is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

cup-shaped hollow structure

completely surrounds the glomerulus

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10
Q

what is the glomerulus, and what is its function?

A

knot of capillaries wrapped by podocytes

functions as a filter

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11
Q

what is meant by glomerular filtration?

A

process where water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron

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12
Q

where does glomerular filtration take place?

A

capillaries of glomerulus into the glomerular capsular space

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13
Q

what are the functions of the afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney?

A

afferent – enters capsule, brings blood into the glomerulus

efferent – leave the capsule and carries blood away

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14
Q

in which structure does the filtrated blood (filtrate) enter before flowing into the renal tubule lumen?

A

glomerular capsular space

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15
Q

what is net filtration pressure?

A

total pressure that promotes filtration

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16
Q

what pressures determine the net filtration pressure (how to calculate it)

A

forces favoring filtration - forces that oppose it

(GHP) - (GCOP + CHP)

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of the filtration membrane?

A

1) fenestrated endothelium of the capillary

2) basement membrane of glomerulus

3) filtration slits b/n pedicels

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18
Q

what are the podocytes in the kidney?
are podocytes and pedicels the same?

A

podocytes – specialized cells of kidney glomerulus

pedicels – foot processes from the podocytes that wrap around capillaries and interdigitate w/ each other

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19
Q

what substances are found in the kidney filtrate?
what should filtrate not contain?

A

should contain:
- H2O
- free amino acids
- vitamins
- small ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
- glucose (~1 nm)
- nitrogenous wastes (< 3 nm)

should not contain:
- blood cells
- plasma proteins (e.g. albumin)

20
Q

what are the body’s main nitrogenous waste products?
indicate their sources

A

AUUC

1) ammonia
- by-product of protein catabolism
- toxic, converted to urea in the liver

2) urea
- by-product of protein catabolism

3) uric acid
- produced by the catabolism of nucleic acids

4) creatinine
- breakdown product of creatine

21
Q

what is meant by glomerular filtration rate?

A

amount of filtrate formed per min by the 2 kidney combined

22
Q

what is a normal GFR for males and females?

A

males – 125 mL/min (180 L/day)

females – 105 mL/min (150 L/day)

23
Q

is it better for GFR to be high or low?
how about too high?

A

when GFR too low –> fluid flows sluggishly thru renal tubules –> reabsorb wastes that should be eliminated in the urine

when GFR too high –> fluid flows thru the renal tubules too rapidly for them to reabsorb water and solutes –> dehydration and electrolyte depletion

24
Q

which are the 2 intrinsic autoregulation mechanisms for maintaining GFR?

A

1) myogenic mechanism:
- based on tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

when BP too high: vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
when BP too low: vasodilation of afferent arteriole

2) tubuloglomerular feedback:
- uses the juxtaglomerular apparatus – to maintain GFR and efficient sodium reabsorption

25
Q

what is the difference b/n intrinsic vs. extrinsic regulation of GFR?

A

intrinsic:
- intra-renal
- responses are local
- initiated and maintained by kidneys
- directly regulate GFR despite moderate changes in BP
- goal – maintain a nearly constant GFR over a wide range of MAP

extrinsic:
- extra-renal
- responses are system-wide and require transport in bloodstream
- neural and hormonal responses
- act to prevent damage to the brain and other crucial organs
- indirectly regulate GFR by maintaining systemic BP
- goal – maintain blood volume and pressure

26
Q

what is the main goal of the intrinsic control of the GFR?

A

maintain nearly constant GFR over a wide range of MAP

27
Q

what is the main goal of the extrinsic control of the GFR?

A

maintain blood volume and pressure

28
Q

how does myogenic response regulate the glomerular filtrate rate?

A

based on tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

high BP == increased tension in vascular wall == vascular smooth muscle contracts

low BP == low tension in vascular wall == vascular smooth muscle relaxes

29
Q

considering the myogenic mechanism, how does the afferent arteriole react to increased or decreased blood pressure?

A

when BP is too high == GFR is too high –> constricts afferent arteriole –> lowers GFR to normal

when BP is too low == GFR is too low –> dilate afferent arteriole –> raises GFR to normal

30
Q

how do changes in the afferent arteriole’s diameter affect the GFR?

A

vasoconstriction == lowers afferent arteriole’s diameter == lowers GFR

vasodilation == raises afferent arteriole’s diameter == raises GFR

31
Q

what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and where are they located?

A

1) macula densa – line the tubule walls

2) mesangial cells – located in inter capillary space

3) granular cells – wrap around the afferent arteriole

32
Q

how does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate the GFR? (Role of ATP and adenosine, indicate cell source)

A

when GFR too high == juxtaglomerular apparatus constricts afferent arterioles

MaMeG

macula densa sense tubule [NaCl] –>
when GFR is high –>
macula densa cells secrete ATP –>
mesangial cells metabolize ATP to adenosine –>
granular cells constrict afferent arteriole (Vc) [JG cells also release renin] –>
lowers GFR

33
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

liver
continuously circulates in plasma

34
Q

what does ACE stand for?

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

35
Q

where is ACE produced?

A

lungs and kidneys
(in their vascular endothelium)

36
Q

what is renin, and where is it produced?

A

hormone enzyme that allows production of angiotensin protein

produced by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

37
Q

what is another name for granular cell?

A

juxtaglomerular cell

38
Q

when is renin released? (high BP or low BP?)

A

low BP == low GFR

once angiotensin-II is released –> vasoconstriction –> raises blood

39
Q

which enzyme converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin-I?

A

renin

40
Q

which enzyme converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II?

A

ACE

(angiotensin-converting enzyme)

41
Q

is angiotensinogen active or inactive?

A

inactive protein

42
Q

which effect does angiotensin-II have on the afferent arteriole’s diameter?

and in systemic blood vessels?

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels

43
Q

does angiotensin-II promote the reabsorption or the excretion of Na+ in the urine? How?

A

promotes reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from the proximal tubule by stimulating the Na+/H+ antiport

44
Q

what is the order in which fluid flows thru the kidney? (from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis)

A

(0) glomerulus
(1) proximal convoluted tubule
(2) loop of Henle
(3) distal convoluted tubule
(4) collecting duct
(5) papillary duct
(6) minor calyx
(7) major calyx
(8) renal pelvis

45
Q

what is a major calyx made of?

A

minor calyces

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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