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BIOL 204 > Lecture 24 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 24 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

which are the primary sex organs (gonads) in females?

A

ovaries

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2
Q

why are the ovaries considered “primary sex organs”?

A

they produces egg cells (ova) and sex hormones

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3
Q

what tube connects the ovaries with the uterus?

A

uterine tube / oviducts / fallopian tubes

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4
Q

what are other names for the uterine tube?

A

oviducts

Fallopian tubes

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5
Q

what are the parts, in order, of the uterine tube?

A

(1) infundibulum

(2) ampulla

(3) isthmus

(4) uterine part

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6
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube?

A

smooth muscle and ciliated cells that create currents for egg to move through uterine tube

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7
Q

what are the 3 regions of the uterus?

A

fundus

body

cervix

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

A

perimetric (most superficial)

myometrium

endometrium (deepest)

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9
Q

is the myometrium composed of smooth or skeletal muscle?

A

smooth

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10
Q

where is the cervical canal?

A

connects uterus to vagina

between the internal os (superior opening) and external os (opening into vagina)

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11
Q

what is the internal os?

and the external os?

A

superior opening of uterus to cervical canal

opening from cervical canal into vagina

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12
Q

what are the structures that the egg must cross thru its way from its site of production to the exterior of the female body?

A

(1) ovary

(2) uterine tube
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
- uterine part

(3) uterine cavity
- internal os
- cervical canal
- external os

(4) vagina

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13
Q

what is the pH of the vagina?

why keep that pH?

A

3.5-4

inhibits growth of pathogens

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14
Q

does the vagina contain rugae, or is its surface smooth?

A

contains rugae

friction ridges to allow for stimulation during intercourse

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15
Q

what is the hymen?

A

a membrane at the vaginal orifice –> formed when the mucosa folds inward, forming a membrane

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16
Q

what is an ovarian follicle?

A

small sacs filled w/ fluid where immature eggs develop

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17
Q

where does folliculogenesis occur, in the ovarian cortex or medulla?

A

ovarian cortex

contains thousands of ovarian follicles in various stages of development

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18
Q

what does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

stromal medulla

loose connective tissue w/
- abundant blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- nerve fibers

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19
Q

how many oocytes are in a follicle?

A

1

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20
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

process of egg production in the ovaries

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21
Q

what is the name of the stem cells that produce primary oocytes? (in sing and pl)

A

oogonium

oogonia

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22
Q

does the oogonium have 46 or 23 chromosomes?

A

46

diploid

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23
Q

do all the primary oocytes start meiosis I before birth?

A

yes; all arrested in prophase of meiosis I until puberty

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24
Q

do all primary oocytes finish meiosis I before birth?

A

no; stay in prophase of meiosis I until puberty

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25
Q

how often does a primary oocyte complete meiosis I after puberty?

A

once a month

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26
Q

when a primary oocyte finishes meiosis I, what are the resulting cells called?

A

secondary oocyte (oocyte II)

first polar body

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27
Q

what is the function of the first polar body? when is it created?

A

created after primary oocyte undergoes completes meiosis I

first polar body discards the extra haploid set of chromosomes

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28
Q

when does a primary oocyte complete meiosis I, before or after ovulation?

A

after

meiosis I is completed on the day of ovulation

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29
Q

at what point does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II? (tip: before being fertilized by sperm or after it?)

A

after being fertilized by sperm

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30
Q

what is produced in meiosis II of a secondary oocyte?

A

ootid

second polar body

first polar body also divides into 2 new polar bodies

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31
Q

at what end of meiosis (I or II) is the secondary oocyte produced?

A

meiosis I

forms secondary oocyte and first polar body

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32
Q

at what end of meiosis (I or II) is the ootid produced?

A

meiosis II

forms ootid and second polar body

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33
Q

at what end of meiosis (I or II) is the second polar body produced?

A

meiosis II

forms second polar body and ootid

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34
Q

which cells are diploid: oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, or ovum?

A

oogonium

primary oocyte

(primary oocyte becomes haploid after meiosis I is completed –> secondary oocyte)

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35
Q

when is the ovum formed?

A

fertilized ootid –> matures into ovum (fully mature human egg cell)

oogonium

– prophase of Meiosis I –

primary oocyte

– completion of Meiosis I –

secondary oocyte

– fertilization –

– Meiosis II –

ootid –> ovum

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36
Q

what happens in the end with the polar bodies generated during oogenesis?

A

they are nonfunctional and degenerate

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37
Q

is oocyte another word for immature (or developing) egg?

A

yes

oocyte == immature (or developing) egg

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38
Q

what is the medical term for a mature egg?

A

ovum

(plural ova)

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39
Q

are you born with all your primary oocytes, or can you still produce them after birth?

A

yes; you are born with all your primary oocytes

no; you cannot produce them after birth

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40
Q

if the egg is not fertilized, it will disintegrate. In which state of oogenesis will be at that moment?

A

secondary oocyte

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41
Q

what is the order of cells produced in oogenesis (from oogonium to ovum)?

A

(1) oogonium
- stem cell

(2) primary oocyte
- prophase of Meiosis I

(3) secondary oocyte + first polar body
- completion of Meiosis I

(4) ootid + second polar body
- secondary oocyte gets fertilized + completion of Meiosis II

(5) ovum
- ootid matures into ovum

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42
Q

what is the reproductive cycle?

A

sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to a state of fertility

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43
Q

what is the sexual cycle?

A

encompasses the events that recur every month when pregnancy doesn’t intervene

44
Q

what 2 cycles form part of the sexual cycle?

A

ovarian + menstrual cycle

45
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

consists of events in the ovaries

46
Q

what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular + luteal phase

47
Q

what is the main event happening during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

development of the ovarian follicles in response to FSH

48
Q

when does the luteal phase start and finish?

A

starts w/ formation of corpus luteum

ends in pregnancy or luteolysis (destruction of corpus luteum)

49
Q

what is the length of the follicular phase?

and the luteal phase?

A

follicular phase == 13-14 days (ends in ovulation)

luteal phase == 12-14 days

both ~ 2 weeks

50
Q

what is the menstrual cycle?

A

aka uterine cycle

part of sexual cycle

consist of parallel changes in the uterus

consists of the buildup of the endometrium thru most of the sexual cycle, followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge

51
Q

what is another name for the menstrual cycle?

A

uterine cycle

52
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

follicle development

(as an egg undergoes oogenesis, the follicle around it undergoes folliculogenesis, passing thru different stages)

53
Q

what are the different stages in follicle development in order?

A

1) primordial follicle

2) primary follicle

3) secondary follicle

4) tertiary/early vesicular/antral follicle

5) Graafian/mature follicle

54
Q

what is a primordial follicle made of?

A

primary oocyte in early meiosis

primary oocyte + nucleus + 1 layer of squamous follicular cells

55
Q

what is the main difference b/n the primordial and primary follicles?

A

primordial == squamous follicular cell layer

primary == cuboidal follicular cell layer

squamous –> cuboidal

56
Q

which follicles contain primary oocyte in early meiosis: primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian follicles?

A

primordial follicle

57
Q

what is a secondary follicle made of?

A

+2 layers of granulosa cells

3 layers total

oocyte + granulosa cells + zona pellucida + theca follicli

58
Q

where can you find the zona pellucida? and the theca follicluli?

A

in the secondary follicle

59
Q

which cells of the follicle produce androgens? and estrogens?

A

androgens –> endocrine cells of the theca folliculi

estrogens –> granulosa cells

60
Q

what is the antrum made of?

A

the fluid b/n the granulosa cells coalesces to form the antrum (large fluid-filled cavity)

61
Q

what is the cumulus oophorous?

A

mound of granulosa cells that covers the oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall

62
Q

where is the corona radiata in the follicle?

A

innermost layer of cells in the cumulus oophorus

63
Q

what is a Graafian follicle?

A

a mature follicle

characterized by an antrum, cumulus oophorus, and theca cells

64
Q

what happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

A

Graafian follicle would rupture and the secondary oocyte would be released into the fallopian tubes

65
Q

how many Graafian follicles break, releasing the secondary oocyte, during ovulation?

A

usually only 1 Graafian follicle breaks –> releases the secondary oocyte

the rest die

usually only 1 per month (dominant follicle) matures and ovulates. the rest die.

66
Q

what does the Graafian follicle form into just after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

67
Q

what hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH?

A

GnRH

68
Q

which are the structures responsible for secreting estrogen during the follicular phase?

A

granulosa cells

69
Q

what are the effects of estrogens on the ovarian follicle?

A

up-regulates the mature follicle’s receptors for FSH, LH, and estradiol

70
Q

what are the effects of FSH on folliculogenesis?

A

increases the growth and maturation of immature oocytes into mature (Graafian) secondary follicles before ovulation

71
Q

what is a “dominant follicle”?

A

the follicle that has the most receptors for FSH

–> consumes the most FSH –> develops the most –> becomes the mature Graafian follicle that gets ovulated

72
Q

is it normal to have more than 1 dominant follicle?

A

sure;

if more than one follicle ovulates –> leads to non-identical multiple gestations –> fraternal twins

73
Q

what happens to the other follicles after one becomes dominant?

A

dominant follicle secretes estrogen and inhibin –> exerts negative feedback on FSH –> “turns off” neighboring astral follicles –> atresia –> radical apoptosis of all cells w/in the follicle, including the oocyte

74
Q

what is atresia?

A

radical apoptosis of all cells w/in the follicle, including the oocyte

75
Q

what 2 phases of the menstrual cycle happen at the same time as the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

menstrual

proliferative

76
Q

what are the 2 main layers of the endometrium?

A

functional layer

basal layer –> rebuilds the functional layer

77
Q

what happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

functional layer of the endometrium degenerates (sloughs off in menses)

due to lack of blood flow

78
Q

which layer of the endometrium degenerates and is shed during the menstrual phase?

A

functional layer

79
Q

what event determines the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

first day of discharge

80
Q

what happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

new functional layer layer of endometrium is rebuilt

caused by increased estrogen

81
Q

during the proliferative phase, restoring the endometrium is due to cell mitosis or to the accumulation of secretions from the uterine glands?

A

cell mitosis

uterine gland basal cells multiply and spread

82
Q

what hormone stimulates the proliferation of the cells building up the function layer of the endometrium?

which structure produces this hormone?

A

estrogen

granulosa cells in the primary/secondary follicle

83
Q

what receptors do estrogen increase in the endometrium? (tip: they are preparing the endometrium for the luteal phase and pregnancy)

A

progesterone receptors

84
Q

in which phase of the menstrual cycle does menses occur?

A

Menstrual phase

85
Q

what 2 hormones stimulate the secretion of LH before ovulation?

A

GnRH

estrogen

86
Q

where does LH come from? (gland)

A

anterior pituitary gland

87
Q

what is the role of LH in the period of time close to ovulation?

A

completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte

forceful rupture of the follicular wall

ovulation (~9 hr after LH peak)

88
Q

do you ovulate at the same time as your LH surge?

A

no;

LH surge occurs before you ovulate

89
Q

what is ovulation?

A

rupture of mature follicle and release of secondary oocyte into the Fallopian tubes

(induced by a large burst of LH secretion)

90
Q

what is the role of LH after ovulation?

A

causes conversion of the ruptured follicle to a corpus luteum (produces estrogen and progesterone)

91
Q

what hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estrogen and progesterone

92
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

corpus luteum dies and forms the corpus albicans

93
Q

what hormones stimulate the uterine glands to secrete nutrients and fluid responsible for the thickening of the endometrium during the secretory phase?

A

estrogen and progesterone

94
Q

if the corpus luteum degenerates, what happens to estrogen and progesterone levels?

A

estrogen and progesterone levels decrease

–> no more blood supply to functional layer –> GnRH and FSH increase –> get ready for new cycle

only occurs if fertilization does not occur

95
Q

what causes the spiral arteries to become spastic and cut off the blood supply of the functional layer of the endometrium at around day 28?

why do GnRH and FSH increase their levels at that point?

A

corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans –> no longer secretes estrogen and progesterone

GnRH and FSH increase levels to start new ovarian cycle
–> allow folliculogenesis to occur
–> more estrogen gets produced by the granulosa cells of the follicles
–> more estrogen == rebuild functional layer
== more progesterone receptors
== more uterine secretions
–> rebuild endometrium

96
Q

what days does the corpus luteum form?

A

~day 16-18

occurs after ovulation (day 14)

97
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

corpus albicans does not secrete estrogen or progesterone

knot of pale scar tissue produced by fibroblast

formed by degeneration of the corpus luteum when fertilization doesn’t occur

marks the end of the ovarian cycle

98
Q

why do progesterone levels significantly increase during the luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum is being formed –> corpus luteum secretes a lot of estrogen and progesterone –> helps increase progesterone levels a lot since estrogen helps increase progesterone receptors

99
Q

why do LH and FSH levels decrease when progesterone and estrogen increase during the luteal phase?

A

high levels of progesterone and estrogen cause negative feedback loop on anterior pituitary gland –> less LH and FSH produced

100
Q

what is menopause?

A

cessation of ovulatory function (ovulation and menstruation cease) –> occurs naturally, as a result of declining levels of estrogen and progesterone

101
Q

does a 45-yr-old female have more, less, or the same number of primordial follicles as a 21-yr-old female?

A

less

you’re losing a bunch of follicles –> decrease in estrogen –> less FSH receptors in follicles –> follicles don’t mature into Graafian follicles and keep dying

102
Q

the decrease in which hormones trigger menopause?

A

estrogen

progesterone

103
Q

what happens to the vagina after menopause?

and to the skin and bones?

A

vaginal flexibility decreases
vaginal lining thins and becomes dry
less blood flow to vaginal tissue

skin more dry, dull, and wrinkly

bone mass decreases

104
Q

why does the risk of cardiovascular diseases increase in females after menopause?

A

estrogens has a protective role on blood vessels against cholesterol plaques

105
Q

at what age does a woman usually stop ovulating? (approximately)

A

45-55

avg 52

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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