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BIOL 204 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What collects in a renal papilla?

A

urine

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2
Q

What is a minor calyx?

A

A cuplike structure that collects urine

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3
Q

Starting at a renal papilla at the top, place the structures through which urine will flow in order.

A

(1) renal papilla
(2) minor calyx
(3) major calyx
(4) renal pelvis
(5) ureter

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4
Q

Renal artery –> segmental arteries –> __________ arteries –> arcuate arteries.

A

interlobar

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5
Q

The ______ carries blood out of a glomerulus.

A

efferent arteriole

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6
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

The tip of a renal pyramid

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7
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A functional unit of the kidney

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8
Q

Urine is drained from a renal pyramid into which structure?

A

Minor calyx

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9
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following?

A

Glomerular capsule

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10
Q

Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into ______.

A

the ureter

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11
Q

About how many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

1.2 million

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12
Q

The renal artery divides into a few ______ arteries.

A

segmental

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13
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

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14
Q

the ___ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.

A

efferent

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15
Q

Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?

A

Renal tubule

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16
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is a ___

A

nephron

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17
Q

The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border?

A

Microvilli

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18
Q

The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ______.

A

glomerulus

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19
Q

The ______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.

A

nephron loop

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20
Q

What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?

A

Nephron

renal corpuscle contains glomerulus and glomerular capsule –> connect with renal tubule to form nephron

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21
Q

Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct?

A

distal convoluted tube

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22
Q

What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule?

A

Renal corpuscle

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23
Q

The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what?

A

Renal tubule

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25
Q

What is longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface.

A

cortical

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27
Q

Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts?

A

Thick

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28
Q

What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?

A

Filtrate

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29
Q

The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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30
Q

The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ___

A

filtration

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31
Q

The segment of renal tubule indicated in the figure is the ___ duct

A

collecting

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32
Q

Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?

A

Renal tubule

33
Q

Place in order from top to bottom, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration.

A

(1) fenestrated endothelium

(2) basement membrane

(3) filtration slit

34
Q

Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

35
Q

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

36
Q

True or false: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.

A

True

37
Q

If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.

A

high

38
Q

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______.

A

glomerular filtrate

39
Q

A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.

A

decreased, increased

40
Q

The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.

A

collecting duct

41
Q

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______.

A

autoregulation

42
Q

Which structure is composed of a fenestrated capillary endothelium, a basement membrane, and a filtration slit?

A

Filtration membrane

43
Q

Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation.

A

myogenic

44
Q

In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about ______ mL/min.

A

105

45
Q

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the ___ apparatus.

A

juxtaglomerular

46
Q

If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur.

A

low

47
Q

What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus?

A

macula densa

mesangial cells

granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

48
Q

An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.

A

increased, decreased

49
Q

Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole?

A

Granular cells

50
Q

What is the result of renal autoregulation?

A

The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.

51
Q

The ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR.

A

sympathetic

52
Q

The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure?

A

Afferent arteriole

53
Q

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?

A

Renin

54
Q

The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ___ feedback

A

tubuloglomerular

55
Q

Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure.

A

decrease

angiotensin II raises fluid volume and BP

56
Q

what are mesangial cells?

A

cells b/n arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries

57
Q

what are granular (juxtaglomerular) cells?

A

smooth muscle cells w/in wall of afferent arteriole

58
Q

what are macula densa cells?

A

epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop

59
Q

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?

A

It increases the BP.

60
Q

what is its role in renal auto regulation?

juxtaglomerular cells

A

dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin

61
Q

what is its role in renal auto regulation?

mesangial cells

A

dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries

62
Q

what is its role in renal auto regulation?

macula densa

A

monitor tubular fluid

63
Q

Choose all that result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

  • vasodilation of afferent arteriole
  • increased release of ADH
  • increased secretion of aldosterone
  • increased secretion of cortisol
  • stimulated thirst
A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism restores fluid volume and raises BP

  • increased secretion of aldosterone
  • stimulated thirst
  • increased secretion of ADH
64
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels ______ glomerular filtration rate.

A

decreases

65
Q

The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

A

renin

66
Q

Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ______.

A

decreased

angiotensin II raises BP

67
Q

What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

A

Decreased blood pressure

68
Q

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following?

A

Efferent arterioles and those throughout the

69
Q

Choose all actions which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

  • decreased water reabsorption
  • vasoconstriction
  • decreased glomerular filtration
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased water retention
A

Vasoconstriction

Increased blood pressure

Increased water retention

70
Q

The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause ______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate.

A

vasoconstriction

71
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone – promotes sodium and water reabsorption by distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

72
Q

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?

A

Renin
- renin is a vasoconstrictor that raises MAP throughout body
- enables angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I

73
Q

Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure.

A

decrease

angiotensin II raises blood volume and raises BP by stimulating secretion of aldosterone and ADH

74
Q

Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.

A

peritubular

high peritubular capillary BP = lower fluid reabsorption

low peritubular capillary BP = higher absorption of sodium and water

75
Q

Choose all that result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

  • increased secretion of cortisol
  • increased release of ADH
  • vasodilation of afferent arteriole
  • increased secretion of aldosterone
  • stimulated thirst
A

increased release of ADH

increased secretion of aldosterone

stimulated thirst

76
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ___ hormone

A

ADH

77
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ___

A

aldosterone

78
Q

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following?

A

Efferent arterioles and those throughout the body

79
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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