Lecture 5 Flashcards
what is albumin? What are its functions?
protein in blood plasma
1) transports solutes
2) buffers blood plasma pH
3) contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
what are the formed elements of the blood?
cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
what are the formed elements of the blood?
cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
what is fibrin and what does it do? what is its precursor?
sticky protein that forms framework of blood clot
fibrinogen
what is blood serum?
plasma that is separated –> clotted –> centrifuged –> clotting proteins settle to bottom of tube
–> serum is the overlying fluid
which plasma component is not present in serum?
fibrinogen –> this is a clotting protein and clotting proteins are not contained in plasma
why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?
it produces most of the plasma proteins
what is blood plasma, and what are the formed elements?
formed elements are RBCs, WBCs, and platelets that are suspended in blood plasma
blood plasma is a clear, light yellow fluid constituting a over half to eh blood volume
what are some type of alpha globulins:
haptoglobulin
ceruloplasmin
prothrombin
others
what is haptoglobulin and what is its function?
a type of alpha globulin
transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes
what is ceruloplasmin and what is its function?
a type of alpha globulin, which is a blood plasma protein
transports copper
what is prothrombin and what is its function?
a type of alpha globulin, which is a blood plasma protein
promotes blood clotting
what is the most abundant plasma protein? changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow
albumin
urea is an example of what?
nitrogenous waste
a blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ___
fibrin
what is colloid osmotic pressure?
the contribution of protein to the total blood osmotic pressure
which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?
liver
which term refers to the multipoint stem cells in bone marrow?
hemopoietic stem cell
what are hematopoietic stem cells?
stem cell in bone marrow that produce formed elements
what is the main component of blood plasma by weight?
water
transferrin is a type of beta globulin. What does it transport?
iron
what are beta globulins and what are subtypes of them?
major protein of the blood plasma
- transferrin
- complement proteins
what is transferrin and what is its function?
type of beta globulin, which is a blood plasma protein
transports iron
what are complement proteins and what are their functions?
type of beta globulin, which is a blood plasma protein
aids in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
why do RBCs rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?
they lack mitochondria
which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?
urea
hemoglobin is a ___ pigment
red
why are RBCs red?
cytoplasm of RBC consists mainly of hemoglobin –> red pigment, transports O2 and CO2, buffers blood pH
what is hemoglobin?
makes up cytoplasm of RBCs
red pigment
transports oxygen and CO2
buffers blood pH
which term refers to the contribution of protein to the osmotic pressure of the blood?
colloid osmotic pressure
name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combing water and CO2 to form carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase –> this enzyme is located in RBC cytoplasm
hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?
formed elements
a single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecule(s) of oxygen?
4
the fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases is called what?
plasma
what is blood plasma?
fluid component of blood with complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases
the clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly b/n women and men. What are 3 reasons why?
men have less body fat
women sustain menstrual losses
androgens stimulate RBC production
which statement is true about erythrocytes?
they lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation
RBC vs. WBC in terms of organelles
RBCs have no internal organelles
WBCs have internal organelles
T or F: erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die
true
name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH
hemoglobin
which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?
erythropoietin (EPO)
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?
carbonic acid
steps of iron metabolism:
1) absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma
2) some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver
3) Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin
4) remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used
which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?
heme
what is hematocrit?
AKA packed cell volume
percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs
due to menstrual losses, higher body fat, and diminished androgen production, RBC count and hemoglobin concentration tend to be different in women and men. How are these values different in women?
lower hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC values
which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?
production of RBCs takes about 1 month
–> actually only takes 3-5 days
transferrin does what?
transports iron in the blood
what is the role of erythropoietin?
stimulates RBC production
hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?
erythropoiesis
Order iron metabolism. Start with iron intake at top, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract at the bottom
1) a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested
2) stomach acid converts Fe3+ –> Fe2+
3) Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
4) gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption
a single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecules of oxygen?
4
the rupture of RBCs is called ___
hemolysis
The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below that help explain the difference.
1) men have higher androgen levels than women –> androgens stimulate RBC production
2) women of reproductive age have periodic menstrual losses
3) Men have lower body fat than women –> hematocrit is inversely proportional to percentage body fat
name the compounds that are converts into bile pigments in the liver
bilirubin and biliverdin
which protein transports iron in the blood?
transferrin
what is gastroferritin and what does it do?
protein produced by stomach that binds iron and transports it to small intestine
what is hemoglobin and what does it do?
iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and carries it thru the blood
what is apoferritin and what does it do?
protein produced by liver that binds iron and converts it to storage form, ferritin
which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?
anemia
what is hemostasis?
process that halts bleeding
what is leukocytosis?
abnormally high WBC count
what is leukopenia?
abnormally low WBC count
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?
negative feedback control
Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.
iron
what causes sickle-cell disease?
a hereditary hemoglobin defect
What is hemolysis?
rupture of RBCs
Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine which of the following?
blood type
After removal of iron from hemoglobin, the remainder of the heme is converted into which of the following?
biliverdin and then bilirubin
An individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but no A antigens, has which ABO blood type?
Type B
Which term refers to an excess of red blood cells?
polycythemia
which type of agglutinin is found in both individuals with blood type A and individuals with blood type O?
anti-B
hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?
erythropoiesis
A patient’s blood does not agglutinate when either anti-A or anti-B antiserum is added to it. Name the patient’s blood type.
O
agglutination occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen. In this question, there is no agglutination at all which tells us there are neither A or B antigens present on the RBCs
sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary defects in which of the following?
hemoglobin
the blood type AB is sometimes called the universal ___
recipient
A person’s specific blood type is based on which of the following?
antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane
T or F: antigen A and antigen B are also called “Rh factors”
F
Rh is one of several antigens. the most common is antigen D
An individual with A antigens on their RBCs, but no B antigens, has which ABO blood type?
Type A
Following the first pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus, the immune system of an an Rh– woman produces anti-D antibodies. During her next pregnancy the baby is at risk of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), but only if which of the following is true?
the baby’s blood is Rh+
True or false: Agglutination would be expected if a recipient had type A blood and the donor had type B blood.
T
agglutination occurs in cases of blood incompatibility
Antibodies of the ABO group react against any A or B antigen except one’s own. The antibody that reacts against antigen A is called anti- A; it is present in the plasma of people with type O or type B blood; that is, anyone who does not possess antigen A.
Blood agglutinates when anti-A and anti-B antisera are added to it. What type of blood is it based on this information?
AB
since type-AB blood has both A and B antigens, it will be agglutinated by the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies in the serium
Which ABO blood type is sometimes called the universal recipient?
AB
What is the most common Rh antigen?
Antigen D
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
maternal anti-D destroys feta erythrocytes
A patient’s blood does not agglutinate when either anti-A or anti-B antiserum is added to it. Name the patient’s blood type.
O
Agglutination occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen
In this question there is no agglutination at all which tells us there are neither A or B antigens present on the RBCs.
