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BIOL 204 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is albumin? What are its functions?

A

protein in blood plasma

1) transports solutes
2) buffers blood plasma pH
3) contributes to viscosity and osmolarity

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2
Q

what are the formed elements of the blood?

A

cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets

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2
Q

what are the formed elements of the blood?

A

cell and cell fragments suspended in the plasma:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets

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3
Q

what is fibrin and what does it do? what is its precursor?

A

sticky protein that forms framework of blood clot

fibrinogen

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4
Q

what is blood serum?

A

plasma that is separated –> clotted –> centrifuged –> clotting proteins settle to bottom of tube

–> serum is the overlying fluid

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5
Q

which plasma component is not present in serum?

A

fibrinogen –> this is a clotting protein and clotting proteins are not contained in plasma

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6
Q

why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?

A

it produces most of the plasma proteins

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7
Q

what is blood plasma, and what are the formed elements?

A

formed elements are RBCs, WBCs, and platelets that are suspended in blood plasma

blood plasma is a clear, light yellow fluid constituting a over half to eh blood volume

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8
Q

what are some type of alpha globulins:

A

haptoglobulin
ceruloplasmin
prothrombin
others

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9
Q

what is haptoglobulin and what is its function?

A

a type of alpha globulin

transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes

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10
Q

what is ceruloplasmin and what is its function?

A

a type of alpha globulin, which is a blood plasma protein

transports copper

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11
Q

what is prothrombin and what is its function?

A

a type of alpha globulin, which is a blood plasma protein

promotes blood clotting

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12
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein? changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow

A

albumin

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13
Q

urea is an example of what?

A

nitrogenous waste

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14
Q

a blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ___

A

fibrin

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15
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

the contribution of protein to the total blood osmotic pressure

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16
Q

which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?

A

liver

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17
Q

which term refers to the multipoint stem cells in bone marrow?

A

hemopoietic stem cell

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18
Q

what are hematopoietic stem cells?

A

stem cell in bone marrow that produce formed elements

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19
Q

what is the main component of blood plasma by weight?

A

water

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20
Q

transferrin is a type of beta globulin. What does it transport?

A

iron

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21
Q

what are beta globulins and what are subtypes of them?

A

major protein of the blood plasma

  • transferrin
  • complement proteins
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22
Q

what is transferrin and what is its function?

A

type of beta globulin, which is a blood plasma protein

transports iron

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23
Q

what are complement proteins and what are their functions?

A

type of beta globulin, which is a blood plasma protein

aids in destruction of toxins and microorganisms

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24
Q

why do RBCs rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?

A

they lack mitochondria

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25
Q

which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?

A

urea

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26
Q

hemoglobin is a ___ pigment

A

red

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27
Q

why are RBCs red?

A

cytoplasm of RBC consists mainly of hemoglobin –> red pigment, transports O2 and CO2, buffers blood pH

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28
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

makes up cytoplasm of RBCs

red pigment
transports oxygen and CO2
buffers blood pH

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29
Q

which term refers to the contribution of protein to the osmotic pressure of the blood?

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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30
Q

name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combing water and CO2 to form carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase –> this enzyme is located in RBC cytoplasm

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31
Q

hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?

A

formed elements

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32
Q

a single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecule(s) of oxygen?

A

4

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33
Q

the fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases is called what?

A

plasma

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34
Q

what is blood plasma?

A

fluid component of blood with complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases

35
Q

the clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly b/n women and men. What are 3 reasons why?

A

men have less body fat

women sustain menstrual losses

androgens stimulate RBC production

36
Q

which statement is true about erythrocytes?

A

they lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation

37
Q

RBC vs. WBC in terms of organelles

A

RBCs have no internal organelles

WBCs have internal organelles

38
Q

T or F: erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die

A

true

39
Q

name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH

A

hemoglobin

40
Q

which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

41
Q

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?

A

carbonic acid

42
Q

steps of iron metabolism:

A

1) absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma

2) some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver

3) Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin

4) remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used

43
Q

which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?

A

heme

44
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

AKA packed cell volume

percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs

45
Q

due to menstrual losses, higher body fat, and diminished androgen production, RBC count and hemoglobin concentration tend to be different in women and men. How are these values different in women?

A

lower hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC values

46
Q

which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

A

production of RBCs takes about 1 month

–> actually only takes 3-5 days

47
Q

transferrin does what?

A

transports iron in the blood

48
Q

what is the role of erythropoietin?

A

stimulates RBC production

49
Q

hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?

A

erythropoiesis

50
Q

Order iron metabolism. Start with iron intake at top, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract at the bottom

A

1) a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested

2) stomach acid converts Fe3+ –> Fe2+

3) Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin

4) gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption

51
Q

a single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecules of oxygen?

A

4

52
Q

the rupture of RBCs is called ___

A

hemolysis

53
Q

The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below that help explain the difference.

A

1) men have higher androgen levels than women –> androgens stimulate RBC production

2) women of reproductive age have periodic menstrual losses

3) Men have lower body fat than women –> hematocrit is inversely proportional to percentage body fat

54
Q

name the compounds that are converts into bile pigments in the liver

A

bilirubin and biliverdin

55
Q

which protein transports iron in the blood?

A

transferrin

56
Q

what is gastroferritin and what does it do?

A

protein produced by stomach that binds iron and transports it to small intestine

57
Q

what is hemoglobin and what does it do?

A

iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and carries it thru the blood

58
Q

what is apoferritin and what does it do?

A

protein produced by liver that binds iron and converts it to storage form, ferritin

59
Q

which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?

A

anemia

60
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

process that halts bleeding

61
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

abnormally high WBC count

62
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

abnormally low WBC count

63
Q

Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?

A

negative feedback control

64
Q

Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.

A

iron

65
Q

what causes sickle-cell disease?

A

a hereditary hemoglobin defect

66
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

rupture of RBCs

67
Q

Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine which of the following?

A

blood type

68
Q

After removal of iron from hemoglobin, the remainder of the heme is converted into which of the following?

A

biliverdin and then bilirubin

69
Q

An individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but no A antigens, has which ABO blood type?

A

Type B

70
Q

Which term refers to an excess of red blood cells?

A

polycythemia

71
Q

which type of agglutinin is found in both individuals with blood type A and individuals with blood type O?

A

anti-B

72
Q

hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?

A

erythropoiesis

73
Q

A patient’s blood does not agglutinate when either anti-A or anti-B antiserum is added to it. Name the patient’s blood type.

A

O

agglutination occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen. In this question, there is no agglutination at all which tells us there are neither A or B antigens present on the RBCs

74
Q

sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are hereditary defects in which of the following?

A

hemoglobin

75
Q

the blood type AB is sometimes called the universal ___

A

recipient

76
Q

A person’s specific blood type is based on which of the following?

A

antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane

77
Q

T or F: antigen A and antigen B are also called “Rh factors”

A

F

Rh is one of several antigens. the most common is antigen D

78
Q

An individual with A antigens on their RBCs, but no B antigens, has which ABO blood type?

A

Type A

79
Q

Following the first pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus, the immune system of an an Rh– woman produces anti-D antibodies. During her next pregnancy the baby is at risk of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), but only if which of the following is true?

A

the baby’s blood is Rh+

80
Q

True or false: Agglutination would be expected if a recipient had type A blood and the donor had type B blood.

A

T

agglutination occurs in cases of blood incompatibility

Antibodies of the ABO group react against any A or B antigen except one’s own. The antibody that reacts against antigen A is called anti- A; it is present in the plasma of people with type O or type B blood; that is, anyone who does not possess antigen A.

81
Q

Blood agglutinates when anti-A and anti-B antisera are added to it. What type of blood is it based on this information?

A

AB

since type-AB blood has both A and B antigens, it will be agglutinated by the anti-A and the anti-B antibodies in the serium

82
Q

Which ABO blood type is sometimes called the universal recipient?

A

AB

83
Q

What is the most common Rh antigen?

A

Antigen D

84
Q

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

maternal anti-D destroys feta erythrocytes

85
Q

A patient’s blood does not agglutinate when either anti-A or anti-B antiserum is added to it. Name the patient’s blood type.

A

O

Agglutination occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen

In this question there is no agglutination at all which tells us there are neither A or B antigens present on the RBCs.

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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