Lecture 15 -- review question Flashcards
what is the standard color of the urine? Why?
straw yellow
result of urobilin == urochrome (breakdown product of hemoglobin)
what urine color do you expect to see in an over hydrated person? And in a dehydrated person?
overhydrated — clear
dehydrated — orange
what can brown color urine indicate? And, red, blue/green, or cola?
brown – increased bilirubin (blood pigment from blood breakdown –> hemolytic disease or liver disease
red – presence of blood (hematuria) –> UTI, trauma, kidney stones, contamination w/ menstrual fluid
blue/green – contrast medium after a scan
cola – rnhabdomylosis from muscle breakdown
what might cloudy urine indicate?
pus in uria –> pyuria
suggests kidney infection
what is urochrome (or urobilin)?
breakdown product of hemoglobin
causes urine to be a straw yellow color
what does the specific gravity of the urine measure?
gives an estimate of grams of solid matter per liter of urine
what is the typical range of specific gravity for the urine?
1.001 (very dilute urine)
1.035 (very concentrated urine)
what does it mean when your urine is concentrated?
there is a high concentration of solutes in the urine
you have a high specific gravity (close to 1.035)
does urine dilution affect specific gravity?
Increase or decrease the value?
urine dilution decreases the value of specific gravity (closer to 1.001)
what is the typical pH of the urine?
Is it alkaline, acidic, or neutral
typical pH of urine is 6 (but ranges from 4.5-8.2)
mildly acidic
given the following substances, what substances are normally found and not found in urine?
uric acid, urea, bicarbonate ions, creatinine, K+, Na+, Cl-, red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, bile pigments, proteins, albumin, ketone bodies
found:
K+, Na+, Cl-, urea, uric acid, bicarbonate ions, creatinine
not found:
red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, bile pigments, proteins, albumin, ketone bodies
what is pyuria? what can cause it?
pus in urine
causes cloudy urine
caused by UTI or kidney infection
what is hematuria? what can cause it?
blood in urine
causes red urine
caused by bleeding in UT (stones, infection)
what is ketonuria? what can cause it?
ketone bodies in blood
caused by starvation or diabetes mellitus
what is proteinuria/albuminuria? what can cause it?
proteins (albumin) in the blood
caused by physical exertion, glomerulonephritis, hypertension
what is bilirubinuria? what can cause it?
presence of bile pigments (bilirubin) in urine
causes brown urine
caused by liver disease
what is glycosuria? what can cause it?
presence of glucose in blood
caused by increased intake of sugar and diabetes mellitus
what does diabetic urine smell like?
sweet, fruity (acetone)
what is the odor of infected urine?
fishy or rotten
pungent ammonia smell
what disorder has a carmelized (burnt sugar) odor of urine?
maple syrup urine disease
what is the smell of phenylalanine (in PKU)?
musty or “mousy”
Which are the three layers of the ureter?
outer – adventitia
middle – muscularis
inner – mucosa
where can you find the ureteric orifice?
ureteric orifice is the slit of the ureter at the lumen of the urinary bladder
(where urine from ureters fill the bladder)
which landmarks define the borders of the trigone of the bladder?
2 inlets of ureter and outlet of urethra outline the trigone
where are the internal & external urethral sphincters?
internal – the sphincter where bladder connects to urethra
external – the sphincter in the muscular floor of the pelvic cavity
which type of muscle (smooth or skeletal) are the internal and external urethral sphincters?
internal urethral sphincters – smooth muscle
external urethral sphincters – skeletal muscle
where is the detrusor muscle?
forms a layer of the wall of the bladder
Is the detrusor muscle skeletal or smooth muscle?
smooth
Is detrusor muscle voluntary?
no; involuntary
Does the detrusor muscle receive sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both innervation?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic – relax
parasympathetic – contract
What neurotransmitter and receptor relaxes the detrusor muscle?
(sympathetic control) –> don’t want to pee –> relax detrusor muscle –> contract internal urethral sphincter
neurotransmitter: norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
B3 receptor
DRNB –> dumb rich new baby
detrusor relax noradrenaline B3
What neurotransmitter and receptor contracts detrusor muscle?
(parasympathetic control) –> want to pee –> contract detrusor –> relax internal urethral sphincter
neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
M3 receptor
DCAM –> deep camera
detrusor contract ACh M3
what neurotransmitter and receptor relaxes the internal urethral sphincter?
(parasympathetic control)
ACh and M3 receptor
parasympathetic control –> want to pee –> contracting the detrusor causes relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
SRAM –> sun rays are milk
(internal urethral) sphincter relax ACh M3
what neurotransmitter and receptor contract the internal urethral sphincter?
(sympathetic control)
neurotransmitter: noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
a1 receptor
sympathetic control –> don’t want to pee –> relaxes detrusor muscle –> contracts internal urethral sphincter
S-CNA –> super cool new animals
(internal urethral) sphincter contract noradrenaline A1
Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to empty the urine: sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic –>
want to pee –> enable bladder to empty urine
Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to fill with urine: sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic –>
don’t want to pee –> enable bladder to fill with urine
How does the parasympathetic NS enable the bladder to empty the urine? Which structures innervate?
parasympathetic –> want to pee
constrict detrusor muscle:
- DCAM –> detrusor contract ACh M3
relax internal urethral sphincter:
- SRAM –> sun rays are milk –> (internal urethral) sphincter relax ACh M3
How does the sympathetic NS enable the bladder to fill with urine? Which structures innervate?
sympathetic –> don’t want to pee
relax detrusor muscle:
- DRNB –> dangerous rich new baby –> detrusor relax noradrenaline B3
constrict internal urethral sphincter:
- IUSCNA – iguanas use super cool new animals –> internal urethral sphincter contract noradrenaline A1
which division of the nervous system controls the external urethral sphincter: autonomic or somatic?
somatic
voluntary
What neurotransmitter and receptor stimulates the external urethral sphincter?
somatic –> control when you pee
constrict external urethral sphincter
neurotransmitter: ACh
receptor: nicotinic receptor
EUSCAN –> elephants use super cool new animals –> external urethral sphincter constrict ACh nicotinic
Which type of receptors detect that the bladder is full of urine?
stretch receptors
How does the detrusor respond to increased firing of the parasympathetic fibers that innervate it?
How does this affect the internal urethral sphincter?
parasympathetic fibers –> want to pee
detrusor contracts
internal urethral sphincter relaxes
Where is the micturition center located?
pons
What is the name of the reflex that mediates voiding (urination)?
micturition reflex
What is urothelium?
specialized stratified epithelium that lines the urinary bladder
what is the primary function of the urothelium?
forms the urine-body barrier
to form a barrier to pathogens and to prevent the diffusion of urinary components into the underlying tissue
Where is the urothelium found?
only in urinary structures –> lines the:
- ureter, urinary bladder, proximal urethra
What are the three cells layers of the urothelium?
Which of these cells are in close contact with the urine?
SIB
superficial (umbrella cells) –> close contact with urine –> maintains impermeability and high-resistance barrier function of the urothelium
intermediate cells
basal cells
How many regions does the male urethra have? (name them)
PMS
3 regions:
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy (penile) urethra
which of the 3 parts of the male urethra is the longest?
spongy (penile) urethra
