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BIOL 204 > Lecture 15 -- review question > Flashcards

Lecture 15 -- review question Flashcards

1
Q

what is the standard color of the urine? Why?

A

straw yellow

result of urobilin == urochrome (breakdown product of hemoglobin)

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2
Q

what urine color do you expect to see in an over hydrated person? And in a dehydrated person?

A

overhydrated — clear
dehydrated — orange

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3
Q

what can brown color urine indicate? And, red, blue/green, or cola?

A

brown – increased bilirubin (blood pigment from blood breakdown –> hemolytic disease or liver disease

red – presence of blood (hematuria) –> UTI, trauma, kidney stones, contamination w/ menstrual fluid

blue/green – contrast medium after a scan

cola – rnhabdomylosis from muscle breakdown

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4
Q

what might cloudy urine indicate?

A

pus in uria –> pyuria

suggests kidney infection

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5
Q

what is urochrome (or urobilin)?

A

breakdown product of hemoglobin

causes urine to be a straw yellow color

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6
Q

what does the specific gravity of the urine measure?

A

gives an estimate of grams of solid matter per liter of urine

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7
Q

what is the typical range of specific gravity for the urine?

A

1.001 (very dilute urine)
1.035 (very concentrated urine)

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8
Q

what does it mean when your urine is concentrated?

A

there is a high concentration of solutes in the urine

you have a high specific gravity (close to 1.035)

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9
Q

does urine dilution affect specific gravity?
Increase or decrease the value?

A

urine dilution decreases the value of specific gravity (closer to 1.001)

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10
Q

what is the typical pH of the urine?

Is it alkaline, acidic, or neutral

A

typical pH of urine is 6 (but ranges from 4.5-8.2)

mildly acidic

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11
Q

given the following substances, what substances are normally found and not found in urine?

uric acid, urea, bicarbonate ions, creatinine, K+, Na+, Cl-, red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, bile pigments, proteins, albumin, ketone bodies

A

found:
K+, Na+, Cl-, urea, uric acid, bicarbonate ions, creatinine

not found:
red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, bile pigments, proteins, albumin, ketone bodies

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12
Q

what is pyuria? what can cause it?

A

pus in urine
causes cloudy urine
caused by UTI or kidney infection

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13
Q

what is hematuria? what can cause it?

A

blood in urine
causes red urine
caused by bleeding in UT (stones, infection)

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14
Q

what is ketonuria? what can cause it?

A

ketone bodies in blood
caused by starvation or diabetes mellitus

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15
Q

what is proteinuria/albuminuria? what can cause it?

A

proteins (albumin) in the blood
caused by physical exertion, glomerulonephritis, hypertension

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16
Q

what is bilirubinuria? what can cause it?

A

presence of bile pigments (bilirubin) in urine
causes brown urine
caused by liver disease

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17
Q

what is glycosuria? what can cause it?

A

presence of glucose in blood
caused by increased intake of sugar and diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

what does diabetic urine smell like?

A

sweet, fruity (acetone)

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19
Q

what is the odor of infected urine?

A

fishy or rotten
pungent ammonia smell

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20
Q

what disorder has a carmelized (burnt sugar) odor of urine?

A

maple syrup urine disease

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21
Q

what is the smell of phenylalanine (in PKU)?

A

musty or “mousy”

22
Q

Which are the three layers of the ureter?

A

outer – adventitia

middle – muscularis

inner – mucosa

23
Q

where can you find the ureteric orifice?

A

ureteric orifice is the slit of the ureter at the lumen of the urinary bladder

(where urine from ureters fill the bladder)

24
Q

which landmarks define the borders of the trigone of the bladder?

A

2 inlets of ureter and outlet of urethra outline the trigone

25
Q

where are the internal & external urethral sphincters?

A

internal – the sphincter where bladder connects to urethra

external – the sphincter in the muscular floor of the pelvic cavity

26
Q

which type of muscle (smooth or skeletal) are the internal and external urethral sphincters?

A

internal urethral sphincters – smooth muscle

external urethral sphincters – skeletal muscle

27
Q

where is the detrusor muscle?

A

forms a layer of the wall of the bladder

28
Q

Is the detrusor muscle skeletal or smooth muscle?

A

smooth

29
Q

Is detrusor muscle voluntary?

A

no; involuntary

30
Q

Does the detrusor muscle receive sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both innervation?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic – relax

parasympathetic – contract

31
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor relaxes the detrusor muscle?

A

(sympathetic control) –> don’t want to pee –> relax detrusor muscle –> contract internal urethral sphincter

neurotransmitter: norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

B3 receptor

DRNB –> dumb rich new baby

detrusor relax noradrenaline B3

32
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor contracts detrusor muscle?

A

(parasympathetic control) –> want to pee –> contract detrusor –> relax internal urethral sphincter

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

M3 receptor

DCAM –> deep camera

detrusor contract ACh M3

33
Q

what neurotransmitter and receptor relaxes the internal urethral sphincter?

A

(parasympathetic control)

ACh and M3 receptor

parasympathetic control –> want to pee –> contracting the detrusor causes relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

SRAM –> sun rays are milk

(internal urethral) sphincter relax ACh M3

34
Q

what neurotransmitter and receptor contract the internal urethral sphincter?

A

(sympathetic control)

neurotransmitter: noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

a1 receptor

sympathetic control –> don’t want to pee –> relaxes detrusor muscle –> contracts internal urethral sphincter

S-CNA –> super cool new animals

(internal urethral) sphincter contract noradrenaline A1

35
Q

Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to empty the urine: sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic –>

want to pee –> enable bladder to empty urine

36
Q

Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to fill with urine: sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic –>

don’t want to pee –> enable bladder to fill with urine

37
Q

How does the parasympathetic NS enable the bladder to empty the urine? Which structures innervate?

A

parasympathetic –> want to pee

constrict detrusor muscle:
- DCAM –> detrusor contract ACh M3

relax internal urethral sphincter:
- SRAM –> sun rays are milk –> (internal urethral) sphincter relax ACh M3

38
Q

How does the sympathetic NS enable the bladder to fill with urine? Which structures innervate?

A

sympathetic –> don’t want to pee

relax detrusor muscle:
- DRNB –> dangerous rich new baby –> detrusor relax noradrenaline B3

constrict internal urethral sphincter:
- IUSCNA – iguanas use super cool new animals –> internal urethral sphincter contract noradrenaline A1

39
Q

which division of the nervous system controls the external urethral sphincter: autonomic or somatic?

A

somatic

voluntary

40
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor stimulates the external urethral sphincter?

A

somatic –> control when you pee

constrict external urethral sphincter

neurotransmitter: ACh

receptor: nicotinic receptor

EUSCAN –> elephants use super cool new animals –> external urethral sphincter constrict ACh nicotinic

41
Q

Which type of receptors detect that the bladder is full of urine?

A

stretch receptors

42
Q

How does the detrusor respond to increased firing of the parasympathetic fibers that innervate it?

How does this affect the internal urethral sphincter?

A

parasympathetic fibers –> want to pee

detrusor contracts

internal urethral sphincter relaxes

43
Q

Where is the micturition center located?

A

pons

44
Q

What is the name of the reflex that mediates voiding (urination)?

A

micturition reflex

45
Q

What is urothelium?

A

specialized stratified epithelium that lines the urinary bladder

46
Q

what is the primary function of the urothelium?

A

forms the urine-body barrier

to form a barrier to pathogens and to prevent the diffusion of urinary components into the underlying tissue

47
Q

Where is the urothelium found?

A

only in urinary structures –> lines the:
- ureter, urinary bladder, proximal urethra

48
Q

What are the three cells layers of the urothelium?

Which of these cells are in close contact with the urine?

A

SIB

superficial (umbrella cells) –> close contact with urine –> maintains impermeability and high-resistance barrier function of the urothelium

intermediate cells

basal cells

49
Q

How many regions does the male urethra have? (name them)

A

PMS

3 regions:
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy (penile) urethra

50
Q

which of the 3 parts of the male urethra is the longest?

A

spongy (penile) urethra

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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