Lecture 7 Flashcards
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
lymphatic system
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ___
lacteals
Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?
lymphatic vessel
Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.
lymphocytes
describe some features of lymphatic vessels
valves are present
smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
they have thin walls
pressure is very low in lymphatic vessels
they have a tunica externa, media, and interna
what are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
1) fluid recovery
2) immunity
3) lipid absorption
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
F
Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
What is the function of a lacteal?
to absorb lipids from digested food
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic ___
organs
where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow
where is lymph found?
in lymphatic vessels
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic ___
capillaries
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?
veins
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
valves
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ___
lacteals
which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?
cartilage, bone, bone marrow, cornea
The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.
right (lymphatic) duct
thoracic duct
How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
11
Which lymphatic structure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?
right lymphatic duct
what are features of lymphatic vessels?
valves are present
smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
lymphatic vessels have thin walls
pressure is very low in lymphatic vessels
a tunica interna is present
which describes lymphatic capillaries?
closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?
lumbar
intestinal
What is the function of a lacteal?
To absorb lipids from digested food
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
F
there is no pump, like the heart, in the lymphatic system. Lymph is propelled via the rhythmic contractions for he vessels and the squeezing oath surrounding skeletal muscles and the thoracic “pump”
What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?
collecting ducts
lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest lymphatic vessels, the collecting ducts. These ducts empty into the subclavian veins
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
when it enters the lymphatic capillaries
Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?
right lymphatic duct
the right lymphatic duct, which is formed by the convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks, drains lymph from the right side of the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax. This duct empties into the right subclavian vein
what do natural killer cells attack?
transplanted tissues
cancerous cells
bacteria
virus-infected host cells
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?
veins
Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?
T cells
T lymphocytes (T cells) play a major role in cell mediated immunity. These white blood cells originate in the red bone marrow, then mature in the thymus gland.
Which cell produces antibodies?
plasma cell –> differentiated from B lymphocytes
what are factors that cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?
the respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump
valves
Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.
1) blood capillaries (blood)
2) interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
3) lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
4) lymphatic vessels (lymph)
5) lymphatic ducts (lymph)
6) subclavian veins (blood)
the ___ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
natural
where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red bone marrow
B cells re derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow, where they complete their differentiation and maturation
the organ where T-cells mature is the ___
thymus
T cells are produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
macrophages
a cell that produces antibodies is called a(n) ___ cell
plasma
T or F: lymph is propelled thru the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart
F
there is heart pump in lymphatic system.
Lymph is propelled via the rhythmic contractions of the vessels and the squeezing the surrounding skeletal muscles and the thoracic “pump”
which cells function as antigen-presenting cells?
dendritic cells
macrophages
B lymphocytes
reticular cells
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
when it enters the lymphatic capillaries
The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the ___
dendritic cell
The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.
B cell
the branched ___ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus
epithelial
What type of cells are macrophages?
phagocytic
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
Which cell produces antibodies?
plasma cells
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.
what are examples?
antigen presenting
macrophage, dendritic cell, B lymphocytes
Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?
dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting leukocytes found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues which initiate immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines.
Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?
reticular cells
what are the 7 types of lymphatic cells?
1) neutrophils
2) natural killer (NK) cells
3) T lymphocytes (T cells)
4) B lymphocytes (B cells)
5) macrophages
6) dendritic cells
7) reticular cells
What does MALT stand for?
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which lymphatic structures?
lymphatic organs
a cell that produces antibodies is called a(n) ___ cell
plasma
The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.
secondary
which cells function as antigen presenting cells?
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells
reticular cells
Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?
yellow
dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ___
receptor-mediated endocytosis
what body systems are the thymus considered part of?
lymphatic system
endocrine system
immune system
the branched ___ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus
reticular
what are functions of lymph nodes?
filtration of lymph
site of B and T cell activation
True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.
False:
lymphatic organs have a distinct connective tissue capsule that separates the tissue from neighboring tissues;
lymphatic tissues do not
Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.
cortex
which are the primary lymphatic organs?
red bone marrow
thymus
which are the secondary lymphatic organs?
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
describe what a lymphatic (lymphoid) organ is:
have well-defined anatomical sites and at least a partial connective tissue capsule that separates the lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissues
list the lymphatic (lymphoid) organs:
red bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
germinal center
area w/in the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs
where does hemopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
order lymph flow thru lymph node in order from top to bottom
1) afferent lymphatic vessel
2) subcapsular sinus of the cortex
3) sinuses of cortex and medulla
4) efferent lymphatic vessel
The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the ___
thymus
name the 3 main sets of tonsils
pharyngeal tonsil
palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil
a small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph ___
node
what does the germinal center do in a lymph node?
site where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells –> helps lymph node fight a pathogen
