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BIOL 204 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?

A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ___

A

lacteals

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3
Q

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

A

lymphatic vessel

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4
Q

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

describe some features of lymphatic vessels

A

valves are present

smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall

they have thin walls

pressure is very low in lymphatic vessels

they have a tunica externa, media, and interna

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6
Q

what are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) fluid recovery

2) immunity

3) lipid absorption

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7
Q

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

A

F

Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

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8
Q

What is the function of a lacteal?

A

to absorb lipids from digested food

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9
Q

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic ___

A

organs

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10
Q

where are lymphatic vessels found?

A

In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

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11
Q

where is lymph found?

A

in lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic ___

A

capillaries

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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

A

veins

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14
Q

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.

A

valves

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15
Q

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the ___

A

lacteals

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16
Q

which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

A

cartilage, bone, bone marrow, cornea

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17
Q

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

A

right (lymphatic) duct

thoracic duct

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18
Q

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?

A

11

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19
Q

Which lymphatic structure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?

A

right lymphatic duct

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20
Q

what are features of lymphatic vessels?

A

valves are present

smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall

lymphatic vessels have thin walls

pressure is very low in lymphatic vessels

a tunica interna is present

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21
Q

which describes lymphatic capillaries?

A

closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

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22
Q

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?

A

lumbar

intestinal

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23
Q

What is the function of a lacteal?

A

To absorb lipids from digested food

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24
Q

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

A

F

there is no pump, like the heart, in the lymphatic system. Lymph is propelled via the rhythmic contractions for he vessels and the squeezing oath surrounding skeletal muscles and the thoracic “pump”

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25
Q

What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

A

collecting ducts

lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest lymphatic vessels, the collecting ducts. These ducts empty into the subclavian veins

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26
Q

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

A

when it enters the lymphatic capillaries

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27
Q

Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?

A

right lymphatic duct

the right lymphatic duct, which is formed by the convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks, drains lymph from the right side of the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax. This duct empties into the right subclavian vein

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28
Q

what do natural killer cells attack?

A

transplanted tissues

cancerous cells

bacteria

virus-infected host cells

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29
Q

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

A

veins

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30
Q

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

A

T cells

T lymphocytes (T cells) play a major role in cell mediated immunity. These white blood cells originate in the red bone marrow, then mature in the thymus gland.

31
Q

Which cell produces antibodies?

A

plasma cell –> differentiated from B lymphocytes

32
Q

what are factors that cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

A

the respiratory pump

skeletal muscle pump

valves

33
Q

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

A

1) blood capillaries (blood)

2) interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)

3) lymphatic capillaries (lymph)

4) lymphatic vessels (lymph)

5) lymphatic ducts (lymph)

6) subclavian veins (blood)

34
Q

the ___ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

A

natural

35
Q

where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Red bone marrow

B cells re derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow, where they complete their differentiation and maturation

36
Q

the organ where T-cells mature is the ___

A

thymus

T cells are produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus

37
Q

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

A

macrophages

38
Q

a cell that produces antibodies is called a(n) ___ cell

A

plasma

39
Q

T or F: lymph is propelled thru the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

F

there is heart pump in lymphatic system.

Lymph is propelled via the rhythmic contractions of the vessels and the squeezing the surrounding skeletal muscles and the thoracic “pump”

40
Q

which cells function as antigen-presenting cells?

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

B lymphocytes

reticular cells

41
Q

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

A

when it enters the lymphatic capillaries

42
Q

The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the ___

A

dendritic cell

43
Q

The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.

A

B cell

44
Q

the branched ___ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus

A

epithelial

45
Q

What type of cells are macrophages?

A

phagocytic

46
Q

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

A

aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

47
Q

Which cell produces antibodies?

A

plasma cells

48
Q

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

what are examples?

A

antigen presenting

macrophage, dendritic cell, B lymphocytes

49
Q

Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?

A

dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting leukocytes found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues which initiate immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines.

50
Q

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?

A

reticular cells

51
Q

what are the 7 types of lymphatic cells?

A

1) neutrophils

2) natural killer (NK) cells

3) T lymphocytes (T cells)

4) B lymphocytes (B cells)

5) macrophages

6) dendritic cells

7) reticular cells

52
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

53
Q

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which lymphatic structures?

A

lymphatic organs

54
Q

a cell that produces antibodies is called a(n) ___ cell

A

plasma

55
Q

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

A

secondary

56
Q

which cells function as antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages

dendritic cells

B cells

reticular cells

57
Q

Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?

A

yellow

58
Q

dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ___

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

59
Q

what body systems are the thymus considered part of?

A

lymphatic system

endocrine system

immune system

60
Q

the branched ___ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus

A

reticular

61
Q

what are functions of lymph nodes?

A

filtration of lymph

site of B and T cell activation

62
Q

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

A

False:

lymphatic organs have a distinct connective tissue capsule that separates the tissue from neighboring tissues;

lymphatic tissues do not

63
Q

Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.

A

cortex

64
Q

which are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow

thymus

65
Q

which are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes

tonsils

spleen

66
Q

describe what a lymphatic (lymphoid) organ is:

A

have well-defined anatomical sites and at least a partial connective tissue capsule that separates the lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissues

67
Q

list the lymphatic (lymphoid) organs:

A

red bone marrow

thymus

lymph nodes

tonsils

spleen

68
Q

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

A

germinal center

area w/in the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs

69
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

70
Q

order lymph flow thru lymph node in order from top to bottom

A

1) afferent lymphatic vessel

2) subcapsular sinus of the cortex

3) sinuses of cortex and medulla

4) efferent lymphatic vessel

71
Q

The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the ___

A

thymus

72
Q

name the 3 main sets of tonsils

A

pharyngeal tonsil

palatine tonsil

lingual tonsil

73
Q

a small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph ___

A

node

74
Q

what does the germinal center do in a lymph node?

A

site where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells –> helps lymph node fight a pathogen

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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