Lecture 11 Flashcards
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
true
gas laws of respiratory physiology:
Boyle’s law…
pressure of gas is inversely proportion to its volume (assuming a constant temp)
gas laws of respiratory physiology:
Charles’s law…
volume of a gas is directly proportional to absolution temp (assuming constant pressure)
gas laws of respiratory physiology:
Dalton’s law…
total pressure of gas mixture = sum of partial pressures of its individual gases
gas laws of respiratory physiology:
Henry’s law…
at the air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air (assuming a constant temp)
True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
false
when intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure –> inspiration
when intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure –> expiration
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?
Charle’s law
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.
Lung compliance
Diameter of the bronchioles
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?
Boyle’s Law
Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?
pulmonary compliance = how easily the lungs expand
Tuberculosis patients
What is the intrapleural pressure?
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.
Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles’s law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?
The volume will increase.
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
Bronchioles
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?
Pulmonary compliance
Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?
Physiological dead space
Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?
Surfactant
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?
tidal volume
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?
Charles’s Law
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.
expiratory
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.
Lung compliance
Diameter of the bronchioles
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the ___ capacity
inspiratory
Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?
Physiological dead space
An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.
500
define tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 cycle during quiet breathing
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled w/ max effort
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled w/ max effort
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled w/ max effort
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after max expiration
the amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled
vital capacity (VC)
amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled w/ max effort
deepest possible breath
VC = ERV + TV + IRV
inspiratory capacity (IC)
max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
IC = TV + IRV
functional residual capacity (FRC)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
FRC = RV + ERV
total lung capacity (TLC)
max amount of air the lungs can contain
TLC = RV + VC
How is the functional residual capacity calculated?
Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.
F
expiratory reserve volume is exhaled with a forceful expiration
residual volume is what’s left after tidal volume expiration and expiratory reserve volume
How is inspiratory capacity calculated?
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?
Physiological dead space
What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?
Residual volume + vital capacity
Choose all that are added together to calculate the functional residual capacity.
- expiratory reserve volume
- residual volume
- tidal volume
- inspiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity = amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration
FRC = ERV + RV
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?
Forced expiratory volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is…
tidal volume (TV)
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume is…
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration is…
residual volume (RV)
The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval is…
faced expiratory volume (FEV)
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
Eupnea
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the ___ capacity.
vital capacity (VC) – amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled w/ max effort –> the deepest possible breath
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.
- water vapor
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- carbon monoxide
- sulfur
- carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
water vapor
A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air.
6000
Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases?
Dalton’s
Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?
Forced expiratory volume
Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?
Partial pressure
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
Coughing
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar gas exchange
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.
1300
Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?
Henry’s law
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
Dalton’s Law states which of the following?
The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
Which best defines partial pressure?
The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.
Henry’s
