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BIOL 204 > Lecture 19 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 19 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part

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2
Q

what areas form the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

pylorus
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter
antrum

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3
Q

how many layers of muscularis externa does the stomach have?

A

3 layers

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4
Q

what is the purpose of stomach rugae?

A

wrinkles (mucosal folds) that allow gastric expansion

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5
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter?

A

pyloric part of stomach

connects the stomach to the duodenum

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6
Q

what is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulates passage of chyme into duodenum

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7
Q

what 3 mechanisms protect the stomach from the harsh acidic and enzymatic environment?

A

1) mucous-bicarbonate barrier
2) epithelial tight junctions
3) damaged epithelial cell replacement (stem cells)

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8
Q

what its he pH of the stomach?

A

1.5

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9
Q

how often do epithelial cells regenerate (are renewed)?

A

3-6 days

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10
Q

the stomach’s epithelial cells have a mucous coat rich in which ion?

where is that ion coming from? (ie which cells produce it?)

A

bicarbonate ion

mucous neck cells

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11
Q

why can this ion help protect from acid that flow close to the stomach’s epithelial cells?

A

combines with H+ from acid to form H2O and CO2

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12
Q

does the stomach have any secretion coming from accessory glands?

A

no – stomach doesn’t have any secretions coming from accessory glands –> only from stomach glands

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13
Q

why are the stomach’s epithelial cells very close together, minimizing the space b/n them?

how is this achieved? (think about how the cells are joined)

A

packed close together to make sure no gastric juice seeps b/n them

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14
Q

what is the name of the gastric fluid secreted by the glands in the stomach: rich in water, acid, and pepsin called?

A

gastric juice

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15
Q

in the gastric glands, what do mucous cells secret?

A

mucus and bicarbonate

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16
Q

in the gastric glands, what do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl (gastric acid)

intrinsic factor

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17
Q

in the gastric glands, what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsin(ogen)

gastric lipase

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18
Q

in the gastric glands, what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

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19
Q

in the gastric glands, what do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

hormones – ghrelin, somatostatin, gastrin, serotonin

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20
Q

in the gastric glands, what do enterochromaffin cells secrete?

A

histamine

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21
Q

what is the intrinsic factor? where is it produced?

A

glycoprotein that aids in vitamin B12 absorption by small intestine

produced by parietal cells in stomach

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22
Q

what converts pepsinogen to active pepsin?

A

activated by HCl

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23
Q

the digestion of proteins begins in the stomach; which enzyme secreted in the gastric glands digests proteins?

A

pepsin

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24
Q

what is gastrin? what is its function in the stomach?

A

a hormone secreted by G cells

promotes parietal cells to secrete HCl

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25
Q

what is the name of the pump that plays an essential role in gastric acid production?

which 2 ions does it exchange?

A

H+/K+ ATPase

pumps K+ from stomach lumen into cytosol of parietal cell

pumps H+ from parietal cell to stomach lumen

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26
Q

what is the name of the acid of the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

where is the H+ used by the proton pump coming from?

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) breakdown from inside the parietal cell

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28
Q

what cells produce acid in the stomach?

A

parietal cells

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29
Q

why do parietal cells transport the H+ and Cl- into the gastric lumen separately?

A

can’t create HCl directly in cytoplasm –> would destroy the cell

30
Q

what stimulates stomach acid production? (indicate the 3 factors: neural, paracrine, and hormonal)

A

NAM PHH HGC
- new Amsterdam must play honey hockey house goose chase

neural:
- parasympathetic nerve fibers of both short and long reflex pathways
- ACh, M3

paracrine:
- histamine, H2

hormonal:
- gastrin, CCK2

31
Q

which 2 factors stimulate the release of gastrin? by which cells?

A

peptides and increased pH

hormone-G cells (in duodenum and pyloric antrum)

32
Q

what is called chyme?

A

acidic, soupy/pasty mixture of semi digested food

33
Q

what are the names of the 3 phases of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

34
Q

what stimulates gastric acid secretion during the cephalic phase?

A

thought, sight, smell, taste of food

35
Q

which autonomic NS subdivision mediates the cephalic phase effects?

which enteric plexus is involved in this response?

A

parasympathetic NS

vagus nerve

submucosal/meissner’s plexus

36
Q

what stimulates gastric acid secretion during the gastric phase?

A

food enters stomach and stretches stomach (distension) –> detected stretch receptors

gastrin is secreted

37
Q

in which 2 phases does gastrin play a role in gastric acid secretion?

A

gastric

intestinal

38
Q

what stimulates gastric acid secretion during the intestinal phase?

A

chyme arrives at duodenum –> duodenum is distended (stretched) –> detected by stretch receptors

gastrin is secreted

39
Q

in which gastric acid secretion phase does the enterogastric reflex occur?

A

intestine

40
Q

what is the name of the nervous reflex whereby stretching of the wall of the duodenum results in inhibition of gastric motility (including peristalsis) and reduced stomach emptying rate?

A

enterogastric reflex

41
Q

which hormones are released during the intestinal phase by the duodenum and act on the stomach to inhibit gastric secretion and motility?

A

secretin

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

CCK (cholecystokinin)

42
Q

which factor stimulates the secretion of secretin by intestinal cells?

A

low pH

(chyme is very acidic –> duodenum doesn’t want to be that acidic)

43
Q

what does GIP stand for?

A

gastric inhibitory peptide

44
Q

what does CCK stand for?

A

cholecystokinin

45
Q

where are CCK and secretin produced?

A

small intestine

46
Q

what are the structural and functional units of the liver?

what is their shape in cross-section?

A

liver lobules

haxagonal shape

47
Q

what are hepatocytes?

where are they found?

A

liver cells all throughout the liver

48
Q

where is the portal triad found in the cross-section of a liver lobule?

A

spread out surrounding the central vein in the middle

49
Q

what 3 structures make up a portal triad?

A

bile duct

hepatic artery

portal vein

50
Q

where can you find Cholangiocytes?

A

epithelial cells in the bile duct

51
Q

where can you find Kupffer cells? what are they?

A

line the endothelial sinusoids of the liver

macrophages

52
Q

where can you find Stellate cells?

name 2 functions of these cells

A

located b/n endothelial sinusoids and hepatocytes of liver

major storage site for Vitamin A

activate fibrogenesis (scar creation) upon liver damage

53
Q

which cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

54
Q

after the production of bile, where is this bile secreted?

A

bile canaliculi (channels)

55
Q

which “tube” connects the bile canaliculi w/ the bile (or biliary duct)?

A

canal of Hearing or Ductule

56
Q

which hormone stimulates the cholangiocytes to secrete bicarbonate and water into the bile at the bile duct?

A

secretin –> stimulates cholangiocytes to stimulate bicarbonate and water into the bile at the bile duct

57
Q

which 2 ducts form the common bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct

cystic duct

58
Q

what is the ampulla of Vater or (hepatopancreatic ampulla)?

A

spot where the pancreatic and bile ducts release their secretions into the intestines

59
Q

what sphincter controls the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter) –> muscular valve

60
Q

what does CCK produce in the gallbladder: contraction or relaxation?

does it help or oppose the stored bile’s secretion into the cystic duct?

A

contracts gallbladder

helps move bile from gallbladder into cystic duct to reach the small intestine

61
Q

what does CCK produce in the Sphincter of Oddi: contraction or relaxation?

does it promote or prevent the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

relaxation

promotes bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum

62
Q

what is pancreatic juice?

A

bicarbonate-rich fluid containing enzymes that digests all categories of foods

carried to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

63
Q

in which organ of the alimentary canal is this pancreatic juice poured?

A

duodenum

pancreatic duct –> ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)

64
Q

which 2 types of cells form part of the exocrine pancreas?

A

acinar cells

duct cells

65
Q

where are the acinar cells located (organ)?

A

acinar cells are found in acini (cluster units) of exocrine pancreas

66
Q

what do acinar cells secrete?

which hormone stimulates this secretion?

A

enzyme-rich component of pancreatic juice

CCK stimulates acinar cells to secrete enzyme-rich component of pancreatic juice

67
Q

which 2 ducts form the common hepatic duct?

A

left and right hepatic duct

68
Q

what is the name of the granules found in the acinar cells?

what do they contain?

A

zymogen granules

contain inactive enzymes (proenzymes or zymogens)

69
Q

what do pancreatic duct cells secrete?

which hormone stimulates this secretion?

A

watery secretion (rich in bicarbonate ions) of pancreatic juice

secretin stimulates pancreatic duct cells to secrete this watery secretin (rich in bicarbonate ions) of pancreatic juice

70
Q

what are the Islets of Langerhans, and what do they produce?

A

make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas

produce insulin and glucagon

71
Q

what are zymogen forms of enzymes?

trypsinogen –> ___
chymotrypsinogen –> ___
procarboxypeptidase –> ___

A

inactive digestive enzymes that get converted to active form after secretion

trypsinogen –> trypsin

chymotrypsinogen –> chymotrypsin

procarboxypeptidase –> carboxypeptidase

trypsin catalyzes production of more trypsin and activates the other pancreatic zymogen

72
Q

what are 3 zymogens secreted by the pancreas for protein digestion?

what is the name of the corresponding active enzyme?

A

trypsinogen –> trypsin

chymotrypsinogen –> chymotrypsin

procarboxypeptidase –> carboxypeptidase

trypsin catalyzes production of more trypsin and activates the other pancreatic zymogen

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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