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BIOL 204 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and transcellular fluid are all examples of which of the following?

A

Fluid compartments

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2
Q

If the osmolarity of the tissue fluid rises, water moves ______ the cells.

A

out of

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3
Q

Which determines the direction and extent of osmosis between the intracellular and extracellular compartments?

A

Solute concentrations in the various compartments

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4
Q

Water output is primarily controlled through variations in which of the following?

A

Urine volume

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5
Q

Which best describes the role of the kidneys in maintaining water balance during dehydration?

A

The kidneys can slow down the rate of water and electrolyte loss through changes in urine volume and composition.

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6
Q

Match each fluid compartment with the percentage of the body water that it contains.

A

65% –> intracellular fluid

25% –> tissue (interstitial fluid)

8% –> blood plasma and lymph

2% –> transcellular fluid

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7
Q

How does water move from the digestive tract to the bloodstream?

A

Osmosis

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8
Q

During dehydration, urine volume decreases and more body water is retained. This is often due to increased reabsorption of which of the following?

A

Sodium

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9
Q

Water balance is most directly tied to which of the following?

A

Electrolyte balance

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10
Q

Which occurs when blood volume and pressure are too high?

A

Release of ADH is inhibited.

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11
Q

True or false: The only way to control water output significantly is through variations in urine volume.

A

True

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12
Q

In response to ADH release, collecting duct cells in the kidneys increase their expression of which of the following?

A

Aquaporins

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13
Q

True or false: During dehydration, the kidneys restore blood volume by the formation of metabolic water.

A

False

kidneys adjust the amount of sodium reabsorbed for excreted –> proportionate amount of water accompanies it

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14
Q

The blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and transcellular fluid are all examples of which of the following?

A

Fluid compartments

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15
Q

Hypovolemia and dehydration are both examples of fluid deficiency. How do they differ?

A

In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost.

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16
Q

Changes in urine volume are often linked to adjustments in which of the following?

A

Sodium reabsorption

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17
Q

True or false: In cases of volume depletion, total body water declines but fluid osmolarity is normal.

A

True

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18
Q

Choose all that inhibit ADH release.

  • blood osmolarity is too high
  • blood volume and pressure are too low
  • blood volume and pressure are too high
  • blood osmolarity is too low
A

Blood volume and pressure are too high. –> if you already have a lot of blood volume and pressure, don’t need to release ADH to reabsorb more water.

Blood osmolarity is too low. –> if you already have a low concentration of solutes and a high amount of water, don’t need to release ADH to reabsorb more water.

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19
Q

In response to ADH release, collecting duct cells in the kidneys increase their expression of proteins called ___. These proteins act as water channels and allow the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce less urine.

A

aquaporins

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20
Q

Which may occur when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement, for example due to hemorrhage, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea?

A

Hypovolemia

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21
Q

Which best describes the role of the kidneys in maintaining water balance during dehydration?

A

The kidneys can slow down the rate of water and electrolyte loss through changes in urine volume and composition.

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22
Q

Which statement about dehydration is true?

A

Dehydration raises blood osmolarity.

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23
Q

Choose all that are types of fluid deficiency?

A

Dehydration

Volume depletion

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24
Q

Choose all that are possible effects of fluid deficiency.

  • low blood osmolarity
  • fluid retention
  • circulatory shock
  • neurological dysfunction
A

Circulatory shock –> low blood volume

Neurological dysfunction –> brain cells are dehydrated

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25
Q

Which term is another name for volume depletion? This occurs when proportionate amounts of both water and sodium are lost without replacement.

A

Hypovolemia

26
Q

Which are types of fluid excess?

  • hypotonic hydration
  • circulatory shock
  • volume excess
  • hypovolemia
A

Hypotonic hydration

Volume excess

27
Q

Which triggers the release of ADH?

A

Osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary.

28
Q

Which can result from aldosterone hypersecretion or renal failure?

A

Volume excess

29
Q

Choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia).
- profuse sweating
- hemorrhage
- chronic vomiting
- diarrhea

A

Hemorrhage

Chronic vomiting

Diarrhea

30
Q

Which term (also called water intoxication or positive water balance), refers to a condition in which more water than sodium is retained or ingested?

A

Hypotonic hydration

31
Q

What happens to ECF osmolarity during dehydration?

A

It increases.

32
Q

In which form of fluid imbalance is total body water reduced while osmolarity remains normal?

A

Hypovolemia (volume depletion)

33
Q

Fluid deficiency can cause serious effects. For example, circulatory shock may be caused by which of the following?

A

Loss of blood volume

34
Q

Choose all of the ions that are major cation electrolytes.
- sodium
- bicarbonate
- phosphate
- calcium
- chloride

A

Sodium

Calcium

35
Q

Pulmonary and cerebral edema are among the most serious effects of which of the following?

A

Fluid excess

36
Q

Which is the same in the ICF and in the blood plasma?

A

Osmolarity

37
Q

If the body has retained too much sodium and water, but the ECF remains isotonic, the person has which of the following?

A

Volume excess

38
Q

The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and ___ in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

A

sodium

39
Q

Which can cause hypotonic hydration?

A

ADH hypersecretion

40
Q

Which is referred to as the “salt-retaining hormone” because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

match each form of fluid imbalance to its description:

A

hypovolemia –> total body water is reduced; ECF remains isotonic

dehydration –> total body water is reduced; ECF becomes hypertonic

volume excess –> total body water is elevated; ECF remans isotonic

hypotonic hydration –> total body water is elevated; ECF becomes hypotonic

42
Q

Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides help maintain concentrations which of the following?

A

Sodium

43
Q

Sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen ions are examples of which of the following?

A

Cations

44
Q

What are the primary effects of aldosterone on urine composition?

A

Decreases NaCl, increases K+, and decreases pH

45
Q

Choose all the ways that blood plasma differs from the intracellular fluid.

  • K+ concentration is lower in plasma
  • plasma osmolarity is lower
  • Na+ concentration is higher in plasma
  • Ca2+ concentration Is higher in plasma
A

K+ concentration is lower in plasma.

Na+ concentration is higher in plasma.

Ca2+ concentration is higher in plasma.

46
Q

Which has the largest effect on plasma sodium concentration?

A

ADH

47
Q

Which ion is the principal cation of the ECF?

A

Sodium

48
Q

Which inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption and lowers the blood pressure?

A

natriuretic peptides

49
Q

Choose all that stimulate the secretion of aldosterone.

A

Hyponatremia – need more sodium

Hyperkalemia – too much calcium, need more sodium to balance it out

Hypotension – too little blood pressure, need more sodium –> more water –> increase BP

50
Q

Choose all the statements that are true regarding potassium homeostasis.

  • the more potassium there is in urine, the more sodium there is in the urine
  • potassium homeostasis is closely linked to that of sodium
  • aldosterone stimulates renal secretion of potassium
  • ADH directly regulates potassium excretion
A

potassium homeostasis is closely linked to that of sodium

aldosterone stimulates renal secretion of potassium

51
Q

The typical American diet contains 3 to 7 g of sodium per day. How much sodium per day does a typical adult need?

A

0.5 g

52
Q

Which ions are the most abundant anions of the ECF and thus make a major contribution to its osmolarity?

A

Chloride

53
Q

Choose all that are the primary effects of aldosterone.
- urine contains more K+
- urine has a lower pH
- urine contains less NaCl
- plasma sodium concentration increases

A

Urine contains more K+.

Urine has a lower pH.

Urine contains less NaCl.

54
Q

Choose all that are affected by aldosterone.

  • blood pressure
  • blood sugar levels
  • urine volume
  • blood volume
A

Blood pressure
Urine volume
Blood volume

55
Q

Which ion tends not to be independently regulated, but instead passively follows sodium as it is retained or excreted?

A

Chloride

56
Q

The atrial natriuretic peptides inhibit the secretion of which two of the following?
- ACTH
- insulin
- renin
- ADH

A

Renin
ADH

57
Q

Aldosterone stimulates which of the following?

  • renal absorption of sodium
  • renal secretion of sodium
  • renal absorption of potassium
  • renal secretion of potassium
A

Renal reabsorption of sodium
Renal secretion of potassium

58
Q

What is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid?

A

Chloride

59
Q

What are the primary effects of aldosterone on urine composition?

A

Decreases NaCl, increases K+, and decreases pH

60
Q

Chloride homeostasis is achieved primarily as an effect of controlling the concentration of which other ion?

A

Sodium

61
Q

Which ions are the most abundant anions of the ECF and thus make a major contribution to its osmolarity?

A

Chloride

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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