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BIOL 204 > Lecture 18 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 18 -- review questions Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the major organs of the digestive system?

A

oral cavity (mouth)

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

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3
Q

what is another name for the alimentary canal?

A

digestive tract

–> muscular hollow that food passes thru from mouth to anus

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4
Q

what are the 4 layers of the organs of the digestive tract?

A

in –> out

(1) mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3) muscularis propria
(4) adventitia/serosa

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5
Q

which layer is in contact with food particles?

A

mucosa

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6
Q

which organs of the digestive system have adventitia instead of serosa?

A

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

rectum

(only stomach and intestines have serosa)

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7
Q

the muscularis external (or propria) is situated b/n which layers?

A

submucosa (in) and adventitia/serosa (out)

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8
Q

what is the name of the nervous system found in the walls of the digest systems organs that can work independently of the CNS?

A

enteric NS

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9
Q

what is a plexus?

A

network of nerves

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10
Q

what 2 plexuses form part of the enteric NS?

A

submucosal/meissner’s plexus

myenteric/auerbach’s plexus

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11
Q

what is another name for the submucosal plexus?

A

meissner’s plexus

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12
Q

in which layer is the submucosal (meissner’s) plexus located?

A

submucosa

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13
Q

what is the primary function of the submucosal plexus?

A

GI secretions
blood flow

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14
Q

what is another name for the myenteric plexus?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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15
Q

in which layer is the myenteric plexus located?

A

muscularis propria (b/n the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis)

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16
Q

which is the primary function of the myenteric plexus?

A

peristalsis

GI movement function

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17
Q

what is the main difference b/n short and long reflexes w/in organs of the GI tract?

A

short (myenteric) –> stimulus only from w/in enteric NS w/in GI tract

long –> stimulus involves CNS integration centers outside GI tract

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18
Q

which autonomic NS subdivision, parasympathetic or sympathetic, stimulate GI activity (motility and secretions)?

thru which cranial nerve?

A

stimulate motility and secretions –> “rest and digest”

parasympathetic

vagus nerve

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19
Q

which autonomic NS subdivision, parasympathetic or sympathetic, inhibit GI activity (motility and secretions)?

A

inhibit GI activity

sympathetic

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20
Q

smelling or seeing yummy food will stimulate the secretion of saliva;

which kind of reflex will be involved here: short or long reflexes?

which autonomic NS subdivision?

A

long

parasympathetic

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21
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction

results in propulsion (movement) of materials thru GI tract

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22
Q

in which organs of the digestive system does peristalsis occur?

A

esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines

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23
Q

what is segmentation?

A

moving materials back and forth –> help mix undigested materials w/ intestinal secretions

no net movement

helps digest and absorb chemicals

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24
Q

in which organs fo the digestive system does segmentation occur?

A

intestines

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25
which type of GI motility will help with the propulsion (movement) of food particles thru the GI tract: peristalsis or segmentation?
persitalsis
26
which type of GI motility will most help to mix food particles with GI secretions: peristalsis or segmentation?
segmentation
27
can you use segmentation to move food particles thru your esophagus toward your stomach?
no --> only peristalsis
28
what is ingestion?
selective intake of food (thru oral cavity)
29
what is digestion?
mechanical (physical) and chemical (by digestive enzymes) breakdown of food into a form usable by the body
30
thru which process is mechanical digestion performed in your mouth? and in your small intestine?
chewing (mouth) churching (stomach) segmentation (small intestine)
31
what is the physiological process of "propulsion"?
movement of food particles swallowing (oropharynx) peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, intestines)
32
what is absorption?
nutrient molecules --> epithelial cells of the digestive tract --> blood or lymph
33
what does compaction mean?
absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces
34
what is defecation?
elimination of feces
35
what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisor canine premolar molar
36
label the picture w/ the name of the tooth and indicate the number of roots it contains
green --> incisor --> 1 root blue --> canine --> 1 root yellow --> premolar --> 1-2 roots purple --> molar --> 2-3 roots
37
why are the canines also called cuspids? (think about an anatomical characteristic)
has 1 elevation (point of 'cusp')
38
which type of teeth is known as "the grinders"?
premolars molars
39
what are the 3 parts of a tooth?
crown neck root
40
what substance covers the tooth's crown? (outer layer)
enamel
41
what substance covers the tooth's root?
cementum
42
why is enamel considered a non-living structure? what is its composition? its function?
hard mineralized non-living substance consists of apatite crystals containing calcium and phosphate outer covering of tooth's crown
43
what's dentin?
yellowish tissue that makes up bulk of all teeth consists mainly of apatite crystals
44
does dentin contain cells?
no --> just consists mainly of apatite crystals
45
what's the composition of dentin?
appatite crystals
46
where is dentin?
makes up the bulk of the teeth --> inside the outer covering
47
what's the color of dentin?
yellow tissue
48
where is the tooth's pulp?
innermost layer of tooth --> underneath the outer covering and underneath the dentin
49
what does the pulp contain?
(1) connective tissue (2) blood (3) lymphatic vessels (4) nerves (5) odontoblasts
50
what's the name of the cells in the pulp that contribute to dentin formation?
odontoblasts
51
which part of a tooth is responsible for sensitivity to pain, pressure, and temperature? Why?
pulp --> it contains nerves
52
what's the tooth's cementum? where is it?
bone-like material covers the roots
53
what's the root canal? what does it contain?
passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the pulp
54
what structure in your mouth covers the cementum and root of the tooth?
periodontal ligament
55
what is the difference b/n major and minor salivary glands?
major --> extrinsic --> have their own large gland structures --> secrete a lot of saliva at once in response to food minor --> intrinsic --> small gland dispersed in oral tissues that secrete saliva at constant rate in relatively small amounts
56
which produces the most volume of saliva when food is ingested?
major (extrinsic)
57
what are the 3 major salivary glands?
parotid submandibular sublingual
58
what's saliva?
water-mucus mixture that: - moistens and cleanses the mouth - dissolves molecules so they can better spread on taste buds - make swallowing easier by binding teh food particles into a soft mass (bolus) and lubricating it with mucus
59
which 2 components of saliva help fight bacteria?
lysozyme IgA
60
what's lysozyme?
an enzyme in saliva that helps kill bacteria
61
which 2 saliva enzymes start the chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starch) and lipids?
carbohydrates (starch) --> amylase lipids --> lipase
62
what is called bolus?
mouth chews food into a ball that is lubricated with mucus
63
which 2 structures does the esophagus connect?
pharynx and stomach
64
what are the names of the 2 sphincters of the esophagus?
upper esophageal sphincter lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
65
where is the upper esophageal sphincter?
connects pharynx w/ upper part of esophagus
66
where is the lower esophageal sphincter?
connects lower part of esophagus w/ stomach
67
what's the primary function of the upper esophageal sphincter?
protects against reflux of food into airways prevents entry of air into digestive tract
68
what's the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
protects esophagus from reflux of gastric contents
69
what is the lower esophageal sphincter also called?
cardiac sphincter
70
where is the swallowing center?
medulla
71
what is the name of the 3 phases of the swallowing mechanism? why these names? (think about bolus location)
(1) oral (or buccal) (2) pharyngeal phase (3) esophageal phase
72
what prevents food from being aspirated? during which phase?
epiglottis blocks food from entering trachea pharyngeal phase
73
how is the bolus pushed down thru the esophagus?
peristalsis
74
why is it essential to close the cardiac sphincter once the bolus reaches the stomach?
prevent regurgitation of gastric contents back into esophagus
75
which phase of the swallowing process can you "voluntarily" control? (think about where you have skeletal muscle)
oral (or buccal) phase

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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