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BIOL 204 > Lecture 18 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 18 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major organs of the digestive system?

A

oral cavity (mouth)

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

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3
Q

what is another name for the alimentary canal?

A

digestive tract

–> muscular hollow that food passes thru from mouth to anus

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4
Q

what are the 4 layers of the organs of the digestive tract?

A

in –> out

(1) mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3) muscularis propria
(4) adventitia/serosa

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5
Q

which layer is in contact with food particles?

A

mucosa

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6
Q

which organs of the digestive system have adventitia instead of serosa?

A

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

rectum

(only stomach and intestines have serosa)

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7
Q

the muscularis external (or propria) is situated b/n which layers?

A

submucosa (in) and adventitia/serosa (out)

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8
Q

what is the name of the nervous system found in the walls of the digest systems organs that can work independently of the CNS?

A

enteric NS

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9
Q

what is a plexus?

A

network of nerves

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10
Q

what 2 plexuses form part of the enteric NS?

A

submucosal/meissner’s plexus

myenteric/auerbach’s plexus

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11
Q

what is another name for the submucosal plexus?

A

meissner’s plexus

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12
Q

in which layer is the submucosal (meissner’s) plexus located?

A

submucosa

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13
Q

what is the primary function of the submucosal plexus?

A

GI secretions
blood flow

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14
Q

what is another name for the myenteric plexus?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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15
Q

in which layer is the myenteric plexus located?

A

muscularis propria (b/n the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis)

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16
Q

which is the primary function of the myenteric plexus?

A

peristalsis

GI movement function

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17
Q

what is the main difference b/n short and long reflexes w/in organs of the GI tract?

A

short (myenteric) –> stimulus only from w/in enteric NS w/in GI tract

long –> stimulus involves CNS integration centers outside GI tract

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18
Q

which autonomic NS subdivision, parasympathetic or sympathetic, stimulate GI activity (motility and secretions)?

thru which cranial nerve?

A

stimulate motility and secretions –> “rest and digest”

parasympathetic

vagus nerve

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19
Q

which autonomic NS subdivision, parasympathetic or sympathetic, inhibit GI activity (motility and secretions)?

A

inhibit GI activity

sympathetic

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20
Q

smelling or seeing yummy food will stimulate the secretion of saliva;

which kind of reflex will be involved here: short or long reflexes?

which autonomic NS subdivision?

A

long

parasympathetic

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21
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction

results in propulsion (movement) of materials thru GI tract

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22
Q

in which organs of the digestive system does peristalsis occur?

A

esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines

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23
Q

what is segmentation?

A

moving materials back and forth –> help mix undigested materials w/ intestinal secretions

no net movement

helps digest and absorb chemicals

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24
Q

in which organs fo the digestive system does segmentation occur?

A

intestines

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25
Q

which type of GI motility will help with the propulsion (movement) of food particles thru the GI tract: peristalsis or segmentation?

A

persitalsis

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26
Q

which type of GI motility will most help to mix food particles with GI secretions: peristalsis or segmentation?

A

segmentation

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27
Q

can you use segmentation to move food particles thru your esophagus toward your stomach?

A

no –> only peristalsis

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28
Q

what is ingestion?

A

selective intake of food (thru oral cavity)

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29
Q

what is digestion?

A

mechanical (physical) and chemical (by digestive enzymes) breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

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30
Q

thru which process is mechanical digestion performed in your mouth? and in your small intestine?

A

chewing (mouth)
churching (stomach)
segmentation (small intestine)

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31
Q

what is the physiological process of “propulsion”?

A

movement of food particles

swallowing (oropharynx)

peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, intestines)

32
Q

what is absorption?

A

nutrient molecules –> epithelial cells of the digestive tract –> blood or lymph

33
Q

what does compaction mean?

A

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

34
Q

what is defecation?

A

elimination of feces

35
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth?

A

incisor
canine
premolar
molar

36
Q

label the picture w/ the name of the tooth and indicate the number of roots it contains

A

green –> incisor –> 1 root

blue –> canine –> 1 root

yellow –> premolar –> 1-2 roots

purple –> molar –> 2-3 roots

37
Q

why are the canines also called cuspids? (think about an anatomical characteristic)

A

has 1 elevation (point of ‘cusp’)

38
Q

which type of teeth is known as “the grinders”?

A

premolars

molars

39
Q

what are the 3 parts of a tooth?

A

crown
neck
root

40
Q

what substance covers the tooth’s crown? (outer layer)

A

enamel

41
Q

what substance covers the tooth’s root?

A

cementum

42
Q

why is enamel considered a non-living structure?

what is its composition?

its function?

A

hard mineralized non-living substance

consists of apatite crystals containing calcium and phosphate

outer covering of tooth’s crown

43
Q

what’s dentin?

A

yellowish tissue that makes up bulk of all teeth

consists mainly of apatite crystals

44
Q

does dentin contain cells?

A

no –> just consists mainly of apatite crystals

45
Q

what’s the composition of dentin?

A

appatite crystals

46
Q

where is dentin?

A

makes up the bulk of the teeth –> inside the outer covering

47
Q

what’s the color of dentin?

A

yellow tissue

48
Q

where is the tooth’s pulp?

A

innermost layer of tooth –> underneath the outer covering and underneath the dentin

49
Q

what does the pulp contain?

A

(1) connective tissue
(2) blood
(3) lymphatic vessels
(4) nerves
(5) odontoblasts

50
Q

what’s the name of the cells in the pulp that contribute to dentin formation?

A

odontoblasts

51
Q

which part of a tooth is responsible for sensitivity to pain, pressure, and temperature? Why?

A

pulp –> it contains nerves

52
Q

what’s the tooth’s cementum? where is it?

A

bone-like material

covers the roots

53
Q

what’s the root canal? what does it contain?

A

passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the pulp

54
Q

what structure in your mouth covers the cementum and root of the tooth?

A

periodontal ligament

55
Q

what is the difference b/n major and minor salivary glands?

A

major –> extrinsic –> have their own large gland structures –> secrete a lot of saliva at once in response to food

minor –> intrinsic –> small gland dispersed in oral tissues that secrete saliva at constant rate in relatively small amounts

56
Q

which produces the most volume of saliva when food is ingested?

A

major (extrinsic)

57
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

58
Q

what’s saliva?

A

water-mucus mixture that:
- moistens and cleanses the mouth
- dissolves molecules so they can better spread on taste buds
- make swallowing easier by binding teh food particles into a soft mass (bolus) and lubricating it with mucus

59
Q

which 2 components of saliva help fight bacteria?

A

lysozyme

IgA

60
Q

what’s lysozyme?

A

an enzyme in saliva that helps kill bacteria

61
Q

which 2 saliva enzymes start the chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starch) and lipids?

A

carbohydrates (starch) –> amylase

lipids –> lipase

62
Q

what is called bolus?

A

mouth chews food into a ball that is lubricated with mucus

63
Q

which 2 structures does the esophagus connect?

A

pharynx and stomach

64
Q

what are the names of the 2 sphincters of the esophagus?

A

upper esophageal sphincter

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

65
Q

where is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

connects pharynx w/ upper part of esophagus

66
Q

where is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

connects lower part of esophagus w/ stomach

67
Q

what’s the primary function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

protects against reflux of food into airways

prevents entry of air into digestive tract

68
Q

what’s the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

protects esophagus from reflux of gastric contents

69
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter also called?

A

cardiac sphincter

70
Q

where is the swallowing center?

A

medulla

71
Q

what is the name of the 3 phases of the swallowing mechanism? why these names? (think about bolus location)

A

(1) oral (or buccal)

(2) pharyngeal phase

(3) esophageal phase

72
Q

what prevents food from being aspirated? during which phase?

A

epiglottis blocks food from entering trachea

pharyngeal phase

73
Q

how is the bolus pushed down thru the esophagus?

A

peristalsis

74
Q

why is it essential to close the cardiac sphincter once the bolus reaches the stomach?

A

prevent regurgitation of gastric contents back into esophagus

75
Q

which phase of the swallowing process can you “voluntarily” control? (think about where you have skeletal muscle)

A

oral (or buccal) phase

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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