Lecture 3

Question 1

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute is known as the ___ ___

Answer 1

cardiac output

Question 2

amount of blood received by ventricle must be ___ to the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle

Answer 2

equal to

Question 3

amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle must be ___ to the amount of blood pumped out by the right ventricle

Answer 3

equal to

Question 4

how to calculate cardiac output?

Answer 4

stroke volume X heart rate

Question 5

if the volume of blood pumped by the left side of the heart was less than that pumped by right side of the heart, what would be the result?

Answer 5

pulmonary edema

Question 6

if the volume of blood pumped by the right side of the heart was less than that pumped by left side of the heart, what would be the result?

Answer 6

systemic edema

Question 7

what’s the difference b/n the max and resting cardiac output?

Answer 7

cardiac reserve

Question 8

what is stroke volume?

Answer 8

volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction of the heart

Question 9

what is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute?

Answer 9

cardiac output

Question 10

what is tachycardia?

Answer 10

resting adult HR > 100 bpm

Question 11

the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle is ___ the amount of blood received during ventricular filling

Answer 11

the same as

Question 12

what is bradycardia?

Answer 12

resting adult HR < 60 bpm

Question 13

what is the steady background firing of the vagus nerve to the heart?

Answer 13

vagal tone

Question 14

what is too much calcium in blood?
how does that affect HR?

Answer 14

hypercalcemia –> lowers HR

Question 15

what is calcium deficiency in blood?
how does that affect HR?

Answer 15

hypocalcemia –> raises HR

Question 16

what chemicals cause increase in HR?

Answer 16

nicotine
thyroid hormone
caffeine

Question 17

what is vagal tone?

Answer 17

steady background firing of the vagus nerve to the heart

Question 18

the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is known as the ___

Answer 18

preload

Question 19

A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload, and therefore, a(n) ______ in stroke volume.

Answer 19

decrease, decrease

Question 20

what does the Frank-Starling law of the heart state?

Answer 20

stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume

Question 21

what is the strength of contraction for a given preload called?

Answer 21

contractility

Question 22

glucagon and thyroid hormone ___ HR

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is called what?

Answer 23

preload

Question 24

what do positive inotropic agents do?

Answer 24

increase contractility

Question 25

what do positive inotropic agents do?

Answer 25

increased contractility

Question 26

an increase in venous return to the heart leads to an ___ in preload and therefore an ___ in stroke volume

Answer 26

increase, increase

Question 27

what is the most common cause of coronary artery disease?

Answer 27

artherosclerosis

Question 28

which law states that stroke volume is determined by the end-diastolic volume?

Answer 28

Frank-Sterling

Question 29

what is afterload?

Answer 29

the sum of all forces a ventricle must overcome before it can reject blood

Question 30

how does hypertension affect afterload?

Answer 30

increases it

Question 31

the strength of a contraction for a given preload is defined as the ___ of the myocardium

Answer 31

contractility

Question 32

the flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue is known as ___

Answer 32

perfusion

Question 33

nicotine increases heart rate by increasing the secretion of what?

Answer 33

catecholamine

Question 34

what is blood pressure?

Answer 34

force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

Question 35

what is the effect of negative ionotropic agents?

Answer 35

decrease contractility

Question 36

what is the narrowing of coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis?

Answer 36

coronary artery disease

Question 37

what is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure?

Answer 37

pulse pressure

Question 38

Which force impedes the opening of the semilunar valves and opposes ventricular ejection?

Answer 38

afterload

Question 39

Systolic pressure is the highest in which vessel?

Answer 39

aorta

Question 40

increasing stiffness of arteries =

Answer 40

arteriosclerosis

Question 41

what is normal BP?
what is BP for hypertension?
what is BP for hypotension

Answer 41

120/80
> 140/90
varies

Question 42

BP is determined by what 3 variables?

Answer 42

resistance to flow
blood volume
cardiac output

Question 43

the difference b/n systolic and diastolic pressure is ___ pressure

Answer 43

pulse

Question 44

what affects peripheral resistance?

Answer 44

blood viscosity
vessel length
vessel radius

Question 45

Degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is known as ___

Answer 45

atherosclerosis

Question 46

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 46

degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the pressure of atheroma and often leading to calcification the vessel wall

Question 47

what is true in a reclining individual?

Answer 47

mean arterial pressure is higher in the arm compared to the foot

Question 48

how does radius of blood vessel affect blood flow?

Answer 48

F (is proportional to) r^4

3-fold increase in radius ==> 81-fold increase in flow

Question 49

which arteries exert the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow?

Answer 49

arterioles