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BIOL 204 > Lecture 23 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 23 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what organs produce the gametes in the male?

are they primary or secondary sex organs?

why?

A

primary sex organs

testes

primary sex organs == gonads == the organs that produce the gametes –> sperm

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2
Q

is the penis a primary or a secondary sex organ? why?

A

secondary sex organs

organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction

penis doesn’t produce gametes but is still necessary for reproduction == secondary sex organ

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3
Q

what are the male gametes called?

A

sperm

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4
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

a pendulous pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue

contains the testes

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5
Q

where is the scrotum?

A

hangs below the penis

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6
Q

which organ does the scrotum contain?

A

testes

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the scrotum?

A

hold the testes

provide a temp slightly lower than that of body temp, as required to produce viable sperm

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8
Q

what would happen if the testes were located inside the body?

A

it would be the same temp as the body –> too hot –> sperm would no longer be viable

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9
Q

are testicles the same as testes? and testis?

A

testicles == testes

one testicle == testis

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10
Q

what is the temperature in the human testis? and in the body?

A

temp in human testis ==> 32-35 C

temp in body ==> ~37 C

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11
Q

where is the dartos muscle located?

A

surrounds the testes subcutaneously (underneath)

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12
Q

where is the cremaster muscle located?

A

surrounds the testes (covers them)

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13
Q

which muscle produces the wrinkles of the scrotum?

how?

A

dartos muscle

when cold
==> dartos muscle contracts
==> decrease surface area to reduce heat loss
==> gives skin a wrinkled texture

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14
Q

which muscle contains skeletal fibers: dartos or cremaster muscle?

A

cremaster muscle

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15
Q

which muscle lowers and raises the testis in order to control its temperature?

A

cremaster muscle

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16
Q

what happens to the scrotum if you apply ice there?

how about the testicles? do they change their position? if so, how?

A

dartos muscle will contract –> scrotum becomes taut and even more wrinkled –> decreases SA to reduce heat loss

cremaster muscle will contract –> raise testes and draw them closer to body to preserve heat

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17
Q

how do dartos and cremaster muscles respond when the environment is freezing?

A

dartos muscle will contract –> scrotum becomes taut and more wrinkled –> decreases SA of scrotum to reduce heat loss

cremaster muscle will contract –> raise testes and draw them closer to body to preserve heat

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18
Q

how do dartos and cremaster muscle respond when the environment is really hot?

A

dartos muscle will relax –> scrotum becomes looser and less wrinkled –> increases SA of scrotum to increase heat loss

cremaster muscle will relax –> lower testis and suspend them farther from the body to lose more heat

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19
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus made of, veins or arteries?

where is it located?

A

veins

located above the testicles

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20
Q

what structure acts as a countercurrent heat exchange to control the temp of the artery supplying blood to the testicles?

A

pampiniform plexus

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21
Q

how does the artery supplying blood to the testicles get rid of heat to decrease its temperature before entering the testicles?

A

some heat from descending artery gets transferred over to ascending veins of the pampiniform plexus

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22
Q

what would happen if the blood reaching the testes was at the same temperature as the rest of the body (37 C)?

A

the blood would heat the testis and inhibit sperm production

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23
Q

are the veins leaving the testicles cooler or warmer than the rest of your body?

A

cooler

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24
Q

what is the direction of heat transferring b/n the artery and veins in this mechanism for cooling down the temp in the testicles?

(from the artery to the veins or vice versa?)

A

from artery to veins

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25
Q

what are the seminiferous tubules?

A

tubules that make up the testes

has a narrow lumen lined by a thick germinal epithelium

where spermatogenesis takes place

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26
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

are Leydig cells inside or outside of the seminiferous tubules?

A

outside

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28
Q

what hormone do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

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29
Q

what is the name of the cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules?

A

peritubular myoid cell

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30
Q

what are other names for Sertoli cells?

A

sustentocytes

“nurse” cells

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31
Q

where are the Sertoli cells?

A

spans the entire seminiferous epithelium

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32
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the Sertoli cells?

A

(1) nourish developing sperm cells thru the stages of spermatogenesis

(2) secretes 2 proteins that regulate sperm production: androgen-binding protein (ABP) and inhibin

(3) secretes fluid for sperm transport

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33
Q

what other cells can you see b/n the Sertoli cells inside the seminiferous tubules?

A

mitotic germ cells

meiotic germ cells

spermatozoa

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34
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm (male gametes) in the seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

what hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland? (full name)

A

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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36
Q

what do FSH and LH stand for?

A

FSH == follicular stimulating hormone

LH == luteinizing hormone

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37
Q

what cells do FSH and LH act on?

what happens upon stimulation of these cells by these hormones?

A

FSH –> Sertoli cell –> release inhibin and androgen-binding protein (ABP) –> leads to spermatogenesis

LH –> Leydig cell –> release testosterone –> binds to androgen-binding protein –> leads to spermatogenesis

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38
Q

what is inhibin? (source of production, action)

A

hormone that gets released when FSH acts on Sertoli cell

inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH and reduces LH

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39
Q

what protein does testosterone bind to in order to stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

androgen-binding protein (ABP)

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40
Q

will high testosterone levels stimulate or inhibit the release of LH/FSH?

A

inhibit

negative feedback effect

high testosterone –> inhibits hypothalamus – no GnRH release –> anterior pituitary gland – no FSH or LH

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41
Q

in spermatogenesis, what of the following cells act as stem cells: spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon?

A

spermatogonia

(from primordial germ cells)

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42
Q

what is the singular noun for spermatogonia?

A

spermatogonium

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43
Q

what is the difference b/n haploid and diploid?

A

haploid – single set of chromosomes
- daughter cells with 23 unpaired chromosomes

diploid – 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
- parent cells with 46 chromosomes in 23 homologous pairs

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44
Q

which cells are diploid:
spermatogonia type A,
spermatogonia type B,
primary spermatocyte,
secondary spermatocyte,
spermatid,
spermatozoa?

A

spermatogonia type A
spermatogonia type B
primary spermatocyte

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45
Q

which cells are haploid:
spermatogonia type A,
spermatogonia type B,
primary spermatocyte,
secondary spermatocyte,
spermatid,
spermatozoa?

A

secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoa

46
Q

what type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) do spermatogonia type A go thru to maintain the stem cell pool?

A

mitosis

one daughter cell from each division remains near the tubule wall as stem cell (type A)

the other daughter cell (type B) migrates slightly away and enlarges and becomes a primary spermatocyte

47
Q

what type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) does the primary spermatocyte undergo to be converted into a secondary spermatocyte?

A

meiosis I

gives rise to 2 equal-size, haploid, secondary spermatocytes

48
Q

after the secondary spermatocyte goes thru meiosis II, what is the name of the resulting cells?

do they contain the exact number of chromosomes as the secondary spermatocyte?

and as the primary spermatocyte?

A

spermatides

same # of chromosomes as secondary spermatocyte (23)

half the number of primary spermatocyte (46)

49
Q

what is the plural noun for spermatozoon?

A

spermatozoa

50
Q

which of the different cells that are part of the spermatogenesis process are closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?

and on the periphery, closest to the peritubular myoid cells?

which of those cells is known as “sperm cell”?

A

spermatozoa closest to lumen

spermatogonia closest to peritubular myoid cells (outside of seminiferous tubule)

spermatozoa = sperm cell

51
Q

place in order, from the first to the last, in being created:

spermatogonia type A
secondary spermatocyte
spermatozoon
spermatogonia type B
primary spermatocyte
spermatid

A

spermatogonia type A
spermatogonia type B
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoon

52
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

differentiation of the spermatids into spermatozoa

53
Q

have the testicular spermatozoa acquired the ability to move progressively and fertilize oocytes?

A

no

must become fertilization-competent first by going thru biochemical changes –> epididymal maturation process in the male and capacitation in the female tract

54
Q

which 2 other processes must the testicular spermatozoa go thru to become fertilization-competent? where?

A

biochemical changes

epididymal maturation process –> male

capacitation –> female tract

55
Q

in the process of transformation from spermatids to spermatozoa, what happens with the overall shape of the cell?

A

sprouts a tail (flagellum) and discards most of its cytoplasm

develops a midpiece that contains the mitrochrondria and an acrosome head

56
Q

what is the acrosome? where is it?

A

lysosome that contains enzymes used to penetrate the egg

located in the head

57
Q

what are the 3 parts of the spermatozoon’s tail?

A

middle piece (top of tail)

principal piece of tail (middle of tail)

endpiece of tail (bottom of tail)

58
Q

in the spermatozoon, where are the mitochondria located, in the head or in the tail?

A

tail (middle piece)

59
Q

what is the axoneme?

A

tail of tubulin

located in middle piece of tail

60
Q

why does the spermatozoon need ATP?

A

to allow sperm to beat their tails as they migrate up the female reproductive tract

61
Q

what are the 3 erectile tissues? where are they? which of these 3 cylindrical bodies surrounds the urethra?

A

corpora cavernosa (2)

corus spongiosum (1)

found at shaft of penis

corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra

62
Q

what can you find inside the corpora cavernosa?

A

sinusoid cavities

cavernosal smooth muscle cells

endothelial cells

63
Q

what is the physiological definition of erection?

A

engorgement of the erectile tissue w/ blood –> causing the penis to become rigid == erection

64
Q

which nervous system division controls erection? how?

A

parasympathetic NS

–> increases secretion of nitric oxide (NO)
–> relaxes smooth muscle cells
–> allows the sinusoids (in the corpora cavernosa) to dilate and fill with blood

65
Q

what does vasocongestion mean?

A

swelling of genitals with blood

66
Q

are other sex organs larger during erection?

A

yes

testes
corpus spongiosum

67
Q

when the parasympathetic NS is stimulated, what is the effect on the arteries supplying blood to the penis, Vd or Vc?

A

vasodilate

68
Q

what molecule activates guanylyl cyclase?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

69
Q

what is the function of guanylyl cyclase?

A

produce cGMP

70
Q

what is the function of cGMP in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernous?

(ion, effect on muscle contraction or relaxation, blood coming in or out)

A

decreases amount of Ca2+ within the corpus cavernosum (decreased intracellular concentration)

relaxes smooth muscle of the deep arteries and cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernosa

–> increase blood flow into erectile tissues to bring an erection

71
Q

which enzyme degrades cGMP? (full name)

A

PDE5

phosphodiesterase type 5

72
Q

what prostaglandin has receptors in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum?

upon stimulation of prostaglandin receptors, it will activate which enzyme?

A

PGE1

adenylyl cyclase (converts ATP to cAMP)

73
Q

what is the function of cAMP in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum?

(ion, effect on muscle contraction or relaxation, blood coming in or out)

A

produces AMP

lowers Ca2+ concentration in smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa
–> smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa relaxes
–> blood comes in to erectile tissue –> erection

74
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

propulsion of semen from the male duct system

promoted by the sympathetic NS

entire ejaculatory event == climax or orgasm

75
Q

which autonomic NS division controls ejaculation?

A

sympathetic NS

76
Q

where does sperm go after seminiferous tubules?

A

(1) seminiferous tubules

(2) rete testis (where they partially mature)

(3) efferent tubules

(4) epididymis (finish maturing and are stored)

(5) vas deferens (ductus deferens) –> propels the sperm thru the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation

77
Q

what is the pathway of sperm in order?

(starting at the seminiferous tubules, 7 structures in total)

A

(1) seminiferous tubules

(2) rete testis

(3) efferent tubules

(4) epididymis head

(5) vas deferens AKA ductus deferens

(6) ejaculatory ducts

(7) urethra

78
Q

once the sperm is created, will it remain in the testicles waiting for ejaculation?

A

yes; will stay in testicles

created in seminiferous tubules

partially mature in rete testis

finish maturing and are stored in the epididymis head

79
Q

where is sperm stored before ejaculation, and for how long?

A

stored in epididymis head

stored for 40-60 days

80
Q

where do sperm mature and develop their ability to move or swim?

A

epididymis head

81
Q

what are the 3 parts of the epididymis?

A

head, body, tail

tail is bottommost
head is topmost

82
Q

what is the rete testis?

A

part of testes

sperm go from (1) seminiferous tubules to (2) rete testis

where sperm partially mature

sperm go from (2) rete testis to (3) efferent tubules

tubules to help sperm move from seminiferous tubules to epididymis

83
Q

what 2 ducts form the ejaculatory duct?

A

vas deferens (ductus deferens)

duct of the seminal vesicle/gland

84
Q

what is semen?

A

seminal fluid

fluid expelled during orgasm –> an alkaline fluid that dilutes and transports sperm

85
Q

how do sperms get nutrients (to product ATP)?

A

fructose and citrate from seminal vesicles

citrate from prostate gland

86
Q

what are the glands that contribute to the composition of semen?

A

seminal vesicle/gland = 65-75%

prostate gland = 20-30%

bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland = 1%

87
Q

which gland contributes the most significant volume to semen?

A

seminal vesicles == 65-75%

88
Q

what is the role of fructose and citrate in the semen?

what organs secrete them?

A

provide nutrients for sperm

seminal vesicles secrete fructose and citrate

prostate gland secretes citrate only

89
Q

what are 2 functions of the prostaglandins secreted by the seminal vesicle into the semen?

A

(1) stimulate peristalsis of ductus deferens and uterus

(2) inhibit sperm rejection by female immune system

90
Q

what are 2 functions of the calcium ions secreted by the seminal vesicle into the semen?

A

stimulate sperm motility

stimulate enzymes release from acrosome for egg penetration

91
Q

what gland produces semenogelin?

A

seminal veiscles

92
Q

is prosemenogelin active in the seminal vesicles?

which enzyme activates it?

where does this enzyme come from?

A

no; inactive in seminal vesicles

clotting enzyme produced by prostate gland activates prosemenogelin
- prosemenogelin –> semenogelin

clotting enzyme comes from prostate gland

93
Q

what does PSA stand for?

A

prostate-specific angigen

94
Q

what is PSA?

A

breaks down semenogelin

liquifies coagulated semen after delay

95
Q

is PSA active in the prostate gland? why?

A

no; because it is inhibited by zinc in the prostate gland

after ejacuation –> semenogelins bind to a lot of free zinc –> less zinc bound to PSA –> PSA is activated

96
Q

what is another name for bulbourethral gland?

A

Cowper’s gland

97
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

preejaculate

a clear slippery alkaline fluid (mucus + buffers) that lubricate the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse

98
Q

what is the role of the buffer secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

A

protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of the male’s urethra and female’s vagina

99
Q

when the semen is ejaculated, why is it liquid?

A

prosemenogelin (from seminal vesicle) and clotting enzyme (from prostate) are stored separately –> don’t mix together until during ejaculation

after prosemenogelin gets activated by clotting enzyme –> becomes semenogelin –> coagulation

100
Q

what is released from the prostate that breaks down semenogelin?

A

PSA (prostate-specific angigen)

PSA breaks down semenogelin and liquifies the semen

101
Q

why does the semen coagulate after being ejaculated? how?

A

prosemenogelin mixes with clotting enzyme –> activates semenogelin –> coagulates the semen

102
Q

what happens to the PSA when semenogelin binds zinc ions?

yes it become active or inactive?

A

PSA becomes active

103
Q

how does semen liquefy again?

what is the role of PSA in this process?

A

semenogelin causes clotting

PSA breaks down semenogelin and liquifies semen

104
Q

what is the name of the sensory nerve that innervates the penis and transmits signals to the spinal cord’s erection-generating center?

A

pudendal nerve

105
Q

where is the erection-generating center located?

A

sacral segments

106
Q

which autonomic NS generates a response to the physical stimulation of the penis?

A

parasympathetic NS

physical stimulation of penis
–> sensory signals from pudendal nerve to spinal erection center
–> erection-generating center located in sacral segments
–> interneurons stimulate nearby parasympathetic neurons
–> transmit erection-inducing signals from the sacral spine to the penile blood vessels

107
Q

why does the sympathetic NS constrict the bladder’s internal sphincter during ejaculation?

A

to prevent expulsion of urine or reflux of semen into the bladder

108
Q

what are the actions of the sympathetic NS on the reproductive ducts and accessory glands during ejaculation?

A

stimulates reproductive ducts and accessory glands to contract –> empty contents into urethra

109
Q

what is the factor that triggers the expulsion of semen by the penis?

what NS controls that?

what is the muscle responsible for that?

A

semen in the urethral triggers a spinal reflex –> undergoes 5-6 strong, spasmodic contractions that compress the urethra and forcibly expel the semen

motor (somatic) NS

bulbospongiosus muscles

110
Q

where is the bulbospongiosus muscle located?

A

envelopes the root of the penis

111
Q

what structure does the bulbospongiosus muscle compress when contracted?

A

urethra

compression of urethra helps to forcibly expel the semen

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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