Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

which term refers to the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis?

A

autoregulation

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2
Q

what is autoregulation?

A

ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis?

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3
Q

what do vasoactive chemicals do?
what are 3 examples of vasoactive chemicals?

A

stimulate vasodilation

histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin

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4
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

growth of new blood vessels

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5
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

excess of CO2 in blood

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6
Q

a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called ___

A

ischemia

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7
Q

what is the medullary ischemic reflex and what does it do?

A

monitors blood perfusion to brain

when perfusion to brain drops:
- vasoconstriction of arteries except those supplying the brain
- increased contractility force
- increased HR

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8
Q

what do vasoactive chemicals do?

A

stimulate vasomotion

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9
Q

what is vasomotion?

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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10
Q

what does the hormone do?

angiotensin II

A

potent vasoconstrictor that raises BP

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11
Q

what does the hormone do?

aldosterone

A

promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises BP

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12
Q

what does the hormone do?

natriuretic peptides

A

promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volume and lowers BP

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13
Q

what does the hormone do?

antidiuretic hormone

A

increases BP by promoting water retention

acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations

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14
Q

excess of CO2 in blood is known as…

A

hypercapnia

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15
Q

By which process does the medulla oblongata monitor its own blood supply and activate corrective reflexes when it senses a state of ischemia?

A

medullary ischemic reflex

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16
Q

what does the hormone do?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal and sympathetic catecholamines that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels

stimulates vasoconstriction and raises blood pressure

17
Q

what are chemicals given off by systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues?

A

glucose
antibodies
hormones
oxygen

18
Q

what are the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

vasoconstriction
water retention

19
Q

what is oncotic pressure?

A

difference b/n colloid osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid

20
Q

what can cause systemic edema?

A

failure of right ventricle

21
Q

how does net filtration pressure change from arterial end of a capillary bed to the venous end?

A

NFP is greater at the arterial end of a capillary bed which forces liquids to move out of the capillary at the arterial end of the bed and then be reabsorbed at the venous end

22
Q

what refers to return of blood to the heart?

A

venous return

23
Q

A process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis is called ___

A

transcytosis

24
Q

what are the mechanisms of venous return?

A

1) pressure gradient
2) gravity
3) skeletal muscle pump
4) thoracic (respiratory) pump
5) cardiac suction

25
Q

interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

A

osmosis

26
Q

Tissue fluids that are not reabsorbed by blood capillaries are absorbed by which of the following?

A

lymphatic capillaries

27
Q

True or false: Large veins of the neck are normally partially collapsed and their venous pressure is close to zero.

A

T – when sitting or standing, gravity does all the work pushing blood back to the heart –> large veins of the neck are normally collapsed and venous pressure is close to zero

28
Q

Which condition presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs?

A

pulmonary edema

29
Q

The thoracic pump does which of the following?

A

aids in venous flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity

30
Q

Which is the most important force in venous flow?

A

pressure generated by the heart

31
Q

Which statement best summarizes the general process of capillary fluid exchange?

A

Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then reenters the blood at the venous end.

32
Q

The mechanism by which contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction is known as which of the following?

A

The skeletal muscle pump

33
Q

Which conditions can be caused by failure of the right ventricle?

A

Systemic edema

34
Q

The thoracic pump generates force by which of the following?

A

Increased abdominal pressure created during inhalation

35
Q

Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

A

Osmosis

36
Q

True or false: In the skeletal muscle pump, muscle contractions squeeze the blood in veins and valves making sure that the blood flows only in one direction.

A

T – The skeletal muscle pump is dependent upon contractions of skeletal muscle and venous valves to prevent backflow of blood.