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BIOL 204 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

More than half of the body’s blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

A

lungs

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2
Q

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

A

respiratory

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3
Q

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

  • pharynx
  • alveoli
  • trachea
  • main bronchi
  • larynx
A

conducting zone is all the organs that air flow thru. Everything that doesn’t do the actual gas exchange.

  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • main bronchi
  • larynx
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4
Q

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following?

A

alveoli

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5
Q

Choose all that are components of the lower respiratory tract.

  • larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • bronchi
  • trachea
  • alveoli
A

lower respiratory tract = trachea –> lungs

  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • alveoli
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6
Q

Choose all that are components of the upper respiratory tract.

  • larynx
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • bronchi
  • trachea
  • alveoli
A

upper respiratory tract = nose –> larynx

  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
  • pharynx
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7
Q

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

A

respiratory

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8
Q

Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.

A

it is warmed
it is cleansed
it is humidified

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9
Q

Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system.

A

lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea

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10
Q

The cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells.

A

goblet

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11
Q

Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

A

conducting

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12
Q

Which is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?

A

nasopharynx

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13
Q

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

A

respiratory division

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14
Q

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Choose all that are components of the upper respiratory tract.
- pharynx
- alveoli
- nasal cavity
- trachea
- larynx
- bronchi

A

upper respiratory tract = nasal cavity –> larynx

  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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16
Q

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

A

producing speech

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17
Q

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

A

turbinates

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18
Q

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?

A

Laryngopharynx

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22
Q

Choose all that are functions of the larynx.

A

To produce sound
To keep food and drink out of the airway

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23
Q

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

A

cilia

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24
Q

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

A

To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

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25
Q

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

A

sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed

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27
Q

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

A

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

A

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

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29
Q

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx

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30
Q

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

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31
Q

Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium.

  • pseudostratified columnar cells
  • keratin
  • stratified squamous tissue
  • goblet cells
  • cilia
  • mucus
A

Pseudostratified columnar cells
Goblet cells
Cilia
Mucous

32
Q

Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.
- it is cleansed
- it is warmed
- it is humidified
- it is absorbed

A

It is cleansed.
It is warmed.
It is humidified.

33
Q

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ___ of the lungs

A

alveoli

34
Q

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ___ escalator of the trachea.

A

mucociliary

35
Q

Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?

A

Type I alveolar cells

36
Q

Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

A

1) primary bronchus
2) secondary bronchus
3) tertiary bronchus
4) terminal bronchiole
5) respiratory bronchiole
6) alveolar duct

37
Q

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

A

Prevents collapse of bronchioles

38
Q

Bronchioles that are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system are ___ bronchioles.

A

respiratory

39
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

40
Q

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

A

cilia

41
Q

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

A

inspiration

42
Q

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

A

Alveoli

43
Q

Which describes the respiratory cycle?

A

One complete inspiration and expiration

44
Q

Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?

A

Type II alveolar cells

45
Q

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

A

Forced

46
Q

Pulmonary ___ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

A

surfactant

47
Q

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

A

intercostals
diaphragm

48
Q

Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.

A

type I squamous alveolar cell

squamous endothelial cell of the capillary

share basement membrane

49
Q

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

A

expiration

50
Q

Which maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles? The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.

A

Valsalva maneuver

51
Q

Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?

A

Respiratory cycle

52
Q

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

A

Brainstem

medulla oblongata and pons

53
Q

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

A

Quiet

54
Q

The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

A

ventral

55
Q

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

A

Diaphragm

56
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

57
Q

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

58
Q

The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale.

A

glottis

59
Q

The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.

A

pontine

60
Q

Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers.
- corpora quadrigemina
- fornix
- pons
- medulla oblongata

A

Pons
Medulla oblongata

61
Q

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?

A

Ventral respiratory group

62
Q

The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

chemoreceptors

63
Q

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

A

Intercostals
Diaphragm

64
Q

Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in.

A

Blood oxygen saturation
Blood carbon dioxide saturation
Blood pH

65
Q

The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

A

dorsal

66
Q

Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?

A

Stretch receptors

67
Q

What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?

A

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

68
Q

which stimulus does this receptor detect?

central chemoreceptors

A

pH of the CSF

69
Q

which stimulus does this receptor detect?

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

oxygen level
carbon dioxide level
pH of blood

70
Q

which stimulus does this receptor detect?

stretch receptors

A

inflation of the lungs

71
Q

which stimulus does this receptor detect?

irritant receptors

A

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

72
Q

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

A

Brainstem

73
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

A

pH

74
Q

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.

A

peripheral

75
Q

Receptors that respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli are called ___ receptors

A

stretch

76
Q

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?

A

Irritant receptors

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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