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BIOL 204 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as ______.

A

granulocytes

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2
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of leukocytes and examples of those subtypes?

A

granulocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils

agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

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3
Q

list the leukocytes in order from greatest % to least %:

A

1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) monocytes
4) eosinophils
5) basophils

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4
Q

describe neutrophil:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in bacterial infections

1) prevalence

type of granulocyte

S or C shaped nucleus; fine red-violet granules

phagocytize bacteria
release antimicrobial chemicals

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5
Q

describe eosinophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in infections

5) prevalence

type of granulocyte

nucleus has 2 large lobes connected by thin strand; large orange-pink granules

phagocytize allergens and inflammatory chemicals

release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms

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5
Q

describe basophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in chickenpox, sinusitis, mellitus, myxedema, and polycythemia

4) prevalence

type of granulocyte

nucleus is U- and S-shaped but usually obscured; coarse, abundant, dark violet granules

secrete histamine (vasodilator) to increase blood flow

secrete heparin (anticoagulant) to promote mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting

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5
Q

describe lymphocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in diverse infections and immune responses

2) prevalence

round, dark violet nucleus that fills most of cell, with a light blue cytoplasm

destroys cancer cells, cells infected w/ viruses, and foreign cells

coordinate actions of other immune cells

secrete antibodies

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6
Q

describe monocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function

A

s increase in viral infections and inflammation

3) prevalence

violet horseshoe-shaped nucleus

differentiate into macrophages (large phagocytic cells of the tissues)

phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells

present antigens to activate other cells of immune system

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7
Q

Histamine is secreted by basophils. What is the physiological role of histamine?

A

dilates blood vessels

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8
Q

An eosinophil is a type of ______.

A

granulocyte

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9
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?

A

Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm

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10
Q

The most numerous white blood cells are normally the ______.

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.

A

lymphocytes

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12
Q

Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young?

A

neutrophil

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13
Q

Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?

A

eosinophils

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14
Q

rank leukocytes by size from largest to smallest:

A

1) monocytes
2) eosinophils
3) neutrophils
4) basophils

varies –> lymphocytes

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15
Q

choose the characteristics of monocytes

A

The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped.

They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens.

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16
Q

Basophils are the ______ of all formed elements.

A

rarest

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17
Q

choose all that are functions of macrophages

A

Present antigens
Destroy foreign antigens
Phagocytize dead cells

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18
Q

which agranulocyte is small and round w/ a relatively large, centrally-located nucleus?

A

lymphocyte

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19
Q

Which term refers to the development of white blood cells?

A

luekopoiesis

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20
Q

Choose all that are functions of lymphocytes

A

Coordinate actions of other immune cells

Serve in immune memory

Destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells

“Present” antigens to activate other cells of immune system

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21
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs/microliters

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22
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

total WBC count above 10,000 WBCs/microliters

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23
Q

what is leukemia?

A

cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes

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24
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

abnormally high RBC count

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25
Q

Monocyte count increases the most during which of the following?

A

Inflammation and viral infections

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26
Q

Which of the following options correctly describes leukemia?

A

A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood

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27
Q

Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called ______.

A

macrophages

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28
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

Production of white blood cells

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29
Q

Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and secrete growth factors?

A

platelets

30
Q

Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.

A

lymphocytes

31
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets

32
Q

what are some disorders of WBCs?

A

leukocytosis
lymphoblastic leukemia
leukopenia

33
Q

The cancerous disease called ______ results in large numbers of leukocytes and their undifferentiated precursors being released into the blood.

A

leukemia

34
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Physiological process that controls excessive bleeding

35
Q

what are functions of macrophages?

A

Present antigens
Destroy foreign antigens
Phagocytize dead cells

36
Q

Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order, starting with what happens first at the top.

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug formation
3) blood coagulation

37
Q

choose some functions of platelets

A

Release vasoconstrictors

Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots

Release factors that attract WBCs

38
Q

As platelets aggregate during the second step of hemostasis (shown in this picture), which of the following events occur?

A

Platelets degranulate resulting in release of thromboxane A, ADP and serotonin.

39
Q

Which is a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets?

A

megakaryocyte

40
Q

Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?

A

A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements

41
Q

Which term refers to the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?

A

coagulation

42
Q

what is agglutination?

A

clumping of cells or molecules by antibodies

43
Q

Which term refers to limiting blood loss from an injured vessel?

A

hemostasis

44
Q

describe extrinsic mechanism for coagulation:

A

initiated by clotting factors released by damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissue

clotting factors from sources external to blood

clotting factors / procoagulants:
- thromboplastin (factor III)
- proconvertin (factor VII)

45
Q

The extrinsic mechanism of coagulation is initiated by which of the following?

A

Factors released by damaged blood vessels (thromboplastin)

46
Q

What are the three hemostatic mechanisms? Select three answers from the list below.

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting

47
Q

Which statement about clotting factors is true?

A

Clotting factors initiate a cascade of reactions.

48
Q

where are most clotting factors/procoagulants produced?

A

liver

49
Q

what are clotting factors/procoagulants?

A

most are proteins produced by liver

present in plasma in inactive form, but when factor is activated, it functions as an enzyme

activates reaction cascade

50
Q

Platelet activation is an example of positive feedback. What does that mean?

A

Activating one platelet leads to the activation of another platelet, and then another.

51
Q

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when which factor combines with factor VII?

A

III
thromboplastin

52
Q

beginning at the top, list in order the events of platelet plug formation:

A

1) contact w/ collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface

2) platelets grow long spiny pseudopods

3) pseudopods contract and draw the vessel wall together

4) mass of platelets form a platelet plug

53
Q

the interaction of protein factors to produce a lot is called ___

A

coagulation

54
Q

What is factor X?

A

The first factor shared by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

55
Q

The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues initiates the ______ pathway of coagulation.

A

extrinsic

56
Q

The enzyme ______ converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

A

thrombin

57
Q

what is the precursor to thrombin?

A

prothrombin

58
Q

Which is another term for clotting factors?

A

Procoagulants

59
Q

How is prothrombin activator formed?

A

When factor X combines with factors III and V

60
Q

What is tissue thromboplastin?

A

A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway

61
Q

The reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscles during injury repair is triggered by which of the following?

A

platelet-derived growth factor

62
Q

Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?

A

A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements

63
Q

The dissolution of a clot is accomplished by the process called ______.

A

fibrinolysis

64
Q

What is the first procoagulant that the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways have in common?

A

Factor X

65
Q

Platelet repulsion, dilution, and substances such as heparin or antithrombin help do what?

A

Prevent inappropriate clotting

66
Q

How is fibrin formed?

A

Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin.

67
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

An inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors

68
Q

Factor X combines with factors III and V to produce ______ activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin.

A

prothrombin

69
Q

The abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel is called what?

A

thrombosis

70
Q

What is the functional role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?

A

It stimulates mitosis in smooth muscles and fibroblasts.

71
Q

List in order the events that occur during fibrinolysis, starting with the first event at the top.

A

1) preakallikrein is converted to kallikrein

2) kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin

3) plasmin dissolves the blood clot

72
Q

Choose all the mechanisms that are used by the body to prevent inappropriate clotting.

A

Presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin

Platelet repulsion caused by prostacyclin

Dilution of clotting factors

73
Q

When they are in the tissues, masses of clotted blood are called ______.

A

hematomas

74
Q

Why is thrombosis is more likely to occur in veins than in arteries?

A

Blood flows more slowly in veins and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly.

thrombin and fibrin are the last steps in forming a blood clot

75
Q

Which is a sex-linked blood clotting disorder that is more common in men than women?

A

Hemophilia

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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