Lecture 6 Flashcards
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as ______.
granulocytes
what are the 2 subtypes of leukocytes and examples of those subtypes?
granulocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
list the leukocytes in order from greatest % to least %:
1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) monocytes
4) eosinophils
5) basophils
describe neutrophil:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function
s increase in bacterial infections
1) prevalence
type of granulocyte
S or C shaped nucleus; fine red-violet granules
phagocytize bacteria
release antimicrobial chemicals
describe eosinophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function
s increase in infections
5) prevalence
type of granulocyte
nucleus has 2 large lobes connected by thin strand; large orange-pink granules
phagocytize allergens and inflammatory chemicals
release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms
describe basophils:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function
s increase in chickenpox, sinusitis, mellitus, myxedema, and polycythemia
4) prevalence
type of granulocyte
nucleus is U- and S-shaped but usually obscured; coarse, abundant, dark violet granules
secrete histamine (vasodilator) to increase blood flow
secrete heparin (anticoagulant) to promote mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting
describe lymphocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function
s increase in diverse infections and immune responses
2) prevalence
round, dark violet nucleus that fills most of cell, with a light blue cytoplasm
destroys cancer cells, cells infected w/ viruses, and foreign cells
coordinate actions of other immune cells
secrete antibodies
describe monocytes:
- prevalence of WBC
- what type of WBC?
- appearance
- variations in number
- function
s increase in viral infections and inflammation
3) prevalence
violet horseshoe-shaped nucleus
differentiate into macrophages (large phagocytic cells of the tissues)
phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells
present antigens to activate other cells of immune system
Histamine is secreted by basophils. What is the physiological role of histamine?
dilates blood vessels
An eosinophil is a type of ______.
granulocyte
Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?
Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm
The most numerous white blood cells are normally the ______.
neutrophils
Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.
lymphocytes
Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young?
neutrophil
Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?
eosinophils
rank leukocytes by size from largest to smallest:
1) monocytes
2) eosinophils
3) neutrophils
4) basophils
varies –> lymphocytes
choose the characteristics of monocytes
The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped.
They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens.
Basophils are the ______ of all formed elements.
rarest
choose all that are functions of macrophages
Present antigens
Destroy foreign antigens
Phagocytize dead cells
which agranulocyte is small and round w/ a relatively large, centrally-located nucleus?
lymphocyte
Which term refers to the development of white blood cells?
luekopoiesis
Choose all that are functions of lymphocytes
Coordinate actions of other immune cells
Serve in immune memory
Destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
“Present” antigens to activate other cells of immune system
what is leukopenia?
total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs/microliters
what is leukocytosis?
total WBC count above 10,000 WBCs/microliters
what is leukemia?
cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes
what is polycythemia?
abnormally high RBC count
Monocyte count increases the most during which of the following?
Inflammation and viral infections
Which of the following options correctly describes leukemia?
A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood
Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called ______.
macrophages
What is leukopoiesis?
Production of white blood cells
Which formed elements release vasoconstrictors, promote blood clotting, initiate dissolution of clots, and secrete growth factors?
platelets
Leukocytes called ______ have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.
lymphocytes
What are megakaryocytes?
Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets
what are some disorders of WBCs?
leukocytosis
lymphoblastic leukemia
leukopenia
The cancerous disease called ______ results in large numbers of leukocytes and their undifferentiated precursors being released into the blood.
leukemia
What is hemostasis?
Physiological process that controls excessive bleeding
what are functions of macrophages?
Present antigens
Destroy foreign antigens
Phagocytize dead cells
Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order, starting with what happens first at the top.
1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug formation
3) blood coagulation
choose some functions of platelets
Release vasoconstrictors
Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots
Release factors that attract WBCs
As platelets aggregate during the second step of hemostasis (shown in this picture), which of the following events occur?
Platelets degranulate resulting in release of thromboxane A, ADP and serotonin.
Which is a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets?
megakaryocyte
Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements
Which term refers to the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?
coagulation
what is agglutination?
clumping of cells or molecules by antibodies
Which term refers to limiting blood loss from an injured vessel?
hemostasis
describe extrinsic mechanism for coagulation:
initiated by clotting factors released by damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissue
clotting factors from sources external to blood
clotting factors / procoagulants:
- thromboplastin (factor III)
- proconvertin (factor VII)
The extrinsic mechanism of coagulation is initiated by which of the following?
Factors released by damaged blood vessels (thromboplastin)
What are the three hemostatic mechanisms? Select three answers from the list below.
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
Which statement about clotting factors is true?
Clotting factors initiate a cascade of reactions.
where are most clotting factors/procoagulants produced?
liver
what are clotting factors/procoagulants?
most are proteins produced by liver
present in plasma in inactive form, but when factor is activated, it functions as an enzyme
activates reaction cascade
Platelet activation is an example of positive feedback. What does that mean?
Activating one platelet leads to the activation of another platelet, and then another.
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when which factor combines with factor VII?
III
thromboplastin
beginning at the top, list in order the events of platelet plug formation:
1) contact w/ collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2) platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3) pseudopods contract and draw the vessel wall together
4) mass of platelets form a platelet plug
the interaction of protein factors to produce a lot is called ___
coagulation
What is factor X?
The first factor shared by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues initiates the ______ pathway of coagulation.
extrinsic
The enzyme ______ converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
thrombin
what is the precursor to thrombin?
prothrombin
Which is another term for clotting factors?
Procoagulants
How is prothrombin activator formed?
When factor X combines with factors III and V
What is tissue thromboplastin?
A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
The reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscles during injury repair is triggered by which of the following?
platelet-derived growth factor
Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements
The dissolution of a clot is accomplished by the process called ______.
fibrinolysis
What is the first procoagulant that the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways have in common?
Factor X
Platelet repulsion, dilution, and substances such as heparin or antithrombin help do what?
Prevent inappropriate clotting
How is fibrin formed?
Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin.
What is hemophilia?
An inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors
Factor X combines with factors III and V to produce ______ activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin.
prothrombin
The abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel is called what?
thrombosis
What is the functional role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
It stimulates mitosis in smooth muscles and fibroblasts.
List in order the events that occur during fibrinolysis, starting with the first event at the top.
1) preakallikrein is converted to kallikrein
2) kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin
3) plasmin dissolves the blood clot
Choose all the mechanisms that are used by the body to prevent inappropriate clotting.
Presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin
Platelet repulsion caused by prostacyclin
Dilution of clotting factors
When they are in the tissues, masses of clotted blood are called ______.
hematomas
Why is thrombosis is more likely to occur in veins than in arteries?
Blood flows more slowly in veins and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly.
thrombin and fibrin are the last steps in forming a blood clot
Which is a sex-linked blood clotting disorder that is more common in men than women?
Hemophilia
