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BIOL 204 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered ___

A

pathogens

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2
Q

Skin belongs to the body’s which line of defense?

A

1st

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3
Q

Fever and inflammation belong to the body’s ______ line of defense.

A

2nd

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4
Q

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

A

adaptive immunity

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5
Q

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

A

innate

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6
Q

Choose all that are examples of pathogens:
- viruses
- broken bone
- fungi
- bacteria

A

viruses
fungi
bacteria

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7
Q

The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.

A

the skin

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8
Q

Which line of defense consists of external barriers?

A

1st

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9
Q

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ___ acid

A

lactic

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10
Q

Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

A

2nd

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11
Q

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a “memory” of it?

A

3rd

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12
Q

An enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls is called ___

A

lysozyme

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13
Q

Adaptive immunity is part of the body’s ______ line of defense.

A

3rd

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14
Q

The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

A

hyaluronic

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15
Q

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

A

keratin

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16
Q

Which are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

A

lactic acid

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18
Q

What does the body’s second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages

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19
Q

When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.

A

degranulate

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20
Q

choose all that describe lysozyme:

  • an enzyme
  • found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids
  • an antibody
  • capable of destroying bacteria
  • part of the specific defenses
A

an enzyme

found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids

capable of destroying bacteria

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21
Q

Choose all the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites:

  • secrete histamine
  • secrete histaminase
  • produce superoxide anion
  • produce hydrogen peroxide
A

produce superoxide anion

produce hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?

A

hyaluronidase

connective tissues normally produce hyaluronic acid (viscous substance) that is hard for pathogens to penetrate.

Pathogens then secrete hyaluronidase to break the hyaluronic acid thinner and easier to penetrate

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23
Q

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

A

heparin

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24
Q

Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

A

neutrophil

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25
Q

Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

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26
Q

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ___ acid

A

lactic

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27
Q

The cell that migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage is called a(n) ___

A

monocyte

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28
Q

Choose all of the following that the respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to:

  • hydrogen peroxide
  • superoxide anion
  • histamine
  • heparin
  • hypochlorite
A

hydrogen peroxide

superoxide anion

hypochlorite

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29
Q

What type of cell phagocytizes antigen antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes histaminase and other molecules that combat parasitic infections?

A

eonsinophil

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30
Q

where are alveolar macrophages located?

A

lungs

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31
Q

What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?

  • heparin
  • histaminase
  • hypochlorite
  • histamine
  • leukotriene
A

heparin

histamine

leukotriene

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32
Q

Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?

A

antimicrobial proteins

33
Q

Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.

A

T cells

34
Q

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

A

interferons

35
Q

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

A

monocyte

36
Q

where are complement proteins mainly produced?

A

liver

37
Q

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

A

degranulation

38
Q

True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.

A

false

39
Q

what are the 4 ways complement functions to destroy pathogens?

A

inflammation

immune clearance

phagocytosis

cytolysis

40
Q

What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?

A

fixed

41
Q

Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?

A

classical

42
Q

what are the 3 complement pathways? Are they antibody-independent or dependent?

A

classical –> antibody-dependent

alternative –> antibody-independent

lectin –> antibody-independent

43
Q

What are two antimicrobial proteins?
- mucous membrane
- stomach acid
- macrophage
- inteferon
- complement

A

interferon
complement

44
Q

Cytokines known as ___ inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.

A

interferons

45
Q

A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______.

A

perforins

46
Q

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

A

complement

47
Q

Fever inhibits the production of ______.

A

bacteria

48
Q

What are the mechanisms of complement that induce pathogen destruction?

A

inflammation

immune clearance

phagocytosis

cytolysis

49
Q

Self proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.

A

endogenous

50
Q

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate what?

A

complement

51
Q

Where is body temperature regulated?

A

hypothalamus

52
Q

Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?

A

antimicrobial proteins

53
Q

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

A

inflammation

54
Q

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

A

granzymes

55
Q

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

A

basophils

mast cells

56
Q

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

A

false

57
Q

what 3 things does a fever accomplish?

A

1) promotes interferon activity

2) inhibits reproduction of bacteria and virus

3) elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissues repair

58
Q

What does hyperemia result from?

A

vasodilation

59
Q

Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?

A

exogenous

60
Q

Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called

A

diapedesis OR emigration

61
Q

What is the part of the brain that regulates and maintains body temperature?

A

hypothalamus

62
Q

An elevated neutrophil count is called ______.

A

neutrophilia

63
Q

Choose all that are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
- heat
- pain
- hemorrhage
- itchiness
- swelling
- redness

A

heat
pain
swelling
redness

64
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

heat
pain
swelling
redness

65
Q

What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?

A

interferons

66
Q

what are cytokines?

A

small proteins that help regulate inflammation and immunity

act as chemical communication network among immune cells

67
Q

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called ___.

A

pus

68
Q

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

A

redness

heat

69
Q

Which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?

A

platelet derived growth factor

70
Q

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?

A

margination

71
Q

An individual with a parasitic infection would likely have which of the following?

A

eosinophilia

72
Q

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

A

inflammation

73
Q

Which of the following forms pus?

A

dead neutrophils and macrophages

74
Q

Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived ___ factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

A

growth

75
Q

how does the complement system lead to inflammation?

A

antigen-antibody complexes form on pathogen surface

reaction cascade

C3 dissociates into C3a

C3a binds to basophils and mast cells

binds to basophils and mast cells, stimulates neutrophils and macrophage activity –> releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

–> inflammation

76
Q

how does the complement system lead to immune clearance?

A

C3 dissociates into C3b

C3b binds to pathogen surface

reaction cascade

C3b binds Ag-Ab complexes to RBCs

RBCs transport Ag-Ab complexes to liver and spleen

phagocytes remove and degrade Ag-Ab complexes

–> immune clearance

77
Q

how does the complement system lead to phagocytosis?

A

C3 dissociates into C3b

C3b coats bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens –> opsonization

–> phagocytosis

78
Q

what are the 3 pathways to activate the complement system?

A

classical pathway (antibody-dependent)

alternative pathway (antibody-independent)

lectin pathway (antibody-independent)

79
Q

how does the complement system lead to cytolysis?

A

C3 dissociates into C3b

C3b splits C5 into C5a and C5b

C5b binds C6, C7, and C8

C5b678 binds ring of C9 molecules

membrane attack complex

–> cytolysis

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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