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BIOL 204 > Lecture 16 -- review questions > Flashcards

Lecture 16 -- review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is a fluid compartment?

A

areas separated by selectively permeable membranes that differ in chemical composition

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2
Q

what are the 2 fluid compartments of the body?

A

intracellular fluid compartment

extracellular fluid compartment

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3
Q

which fluid compartment contains the most volume of water?

A

ICF

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4
Q

where is the transcellular fluid found?

A

in epithelial-lined cavities

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5
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid b/n cells and vessels

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6
Q

what do ECF and ICF stand for?

A

ECF == extracellular fluid

ICF == intracellular fluid

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7
Q

what are the most abundant extracellular and intracellular cations?

A

most abundant ECF cation –> Na+

most abundant ICF cation –> K+

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8
Q

what are the most abundant extracellular and intracellular anions?

A

most abundant ECF anion – Cl-

most abundant ICF anion – Pi

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9
Q

how is the osmolarity of the ECF compared with the ICF? (isotonic, hyper, or hypo?)

A

isotonic

both @ 300

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10
Q

which is the most significant solute in determining total body water and water distribution among fluid compartments? Why?

A

Na+

water moves by osmosis based on solute concentration –> most abundant solute is Na+

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11
Q

how does water move between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments?

A

moves by osmosis –> passive flow based on osmotic gradients

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12
Q

what is osmosis?

A

passive flow down osmotic gradients

water flows from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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13
Q

what do isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic mean?

A

isotonic – same [solute]

hypertonic – higher [solute]

hypotonic – lower [solute]

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14
Q

what happens to water movement from inside the cells when extracellular fluid osmolality increases (=ECF water loss)?

A

water flows from ICF to ECF

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15
Q

what are the most severe consequences of fluid excess in the body?

A

pulmonary and cerebral edema

death

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16
Q

increase of levels of which hormone can cause volume excess?

A

aldosterone

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17
Q

in case of volume excess, how is the ECF’s tonicity (iso-, hyper-, or hypo-) compared with the ICF? Why?

A

isotonic –> ECF has same concentration of Na+ and water, there is just more of ECF

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18
Q

what are the two other names for hypotonic hydration?

A

water intoxication

positive water balance

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19
Q

increase of levels of which hormone can cause hypotonic hydration?

A

hypotonic hydration == water intoxication == positive water balance

ADH –> more water gets reabsorbed into bloodstream but not Na+

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20
Q

in the case of water intoxication, how is the ECF’s tonicity (iso-, hyper-, or hypo-) compared with the ICF? Why?

A

hypotonic –> ECF has a lot of water but didn’t increase solute [ ] with it

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21
Q

which type of fluid excess can you develop if you drink plenty of plain water (or pure distilled water with no ions at all)?

A

hypotonic hydration = water intoxication = positive water balance

more water but not more Na+

22
Q

what are the most severe consequences of fluid deficiency for your body?

A

circulatory (hypovolemic) shock

neurological dysfunction

23
Q

what is hypovolemia?

A

volume depletion

proportionate amounts of water and Na+ are lost

24
Q

in volume depletion (hypovolemia), which is affected by ECF: Na+ levels, water levels, or both?

A

both
–> proportionate amounts of water and Na+ are lost
–> total body water decreases
–> osmolarity remains normal

25
Q

what is dehydration also called?

A

negative water balance

26
Q

in dehydration, which is affected: ECF Na+ levels, water levels, or both?

A

water levels –> lose water but Na+ remains

27
Q

Given the following conditions, classify them as possible causes of volume depletion (hypovolemia) or dehydration (negative water balance):

  • hemorrhage
  • diabetes mellitus
  • severe burns
  • chronic vomiting
  • diabetes insipidus (lowered ADH)
  • chronic diarrhea
  • Addison disease (lower aldosterone)
  • lack of drinking water
A

volume depletion (hypovolemia):
- hemorrhage
- severe burns
- chronic vomiting
- chronic diarrhea
- Addison disease

dehydration (negative water balance):
- diabetes insipidus (lowered ADH)
- diabetes mellitus
- lack of drinking water

28
Q

where is the thirst center located?

A

hypothalamus

29
Q

will an increase in blood levels of Na+ stimulate or inhibit the thirst center?

how about a decrease of this ion?

A

increase of Na+ will stimulate the thirst center

decrease of Na+ will inhibit the thirst center

30
Q

a decrease in blood pressure will stimulate the thirst center thru which hormone?

A

low BP –> angiotensin II stimulates thirst center

31
Q

which gland secretes ADH?

A

posterior pituitary gland

32
Q

when is ADH released? (think about plasma volume, blood pressure, and ECF osmolarity)

A

low plasma volume

low blood pressure

high ECF osmolarity

33
Q

what type of urine does ADH produce? (hyper-, hypo-, or isotonic)

A

hypertonic

ADH wants to take water out of urine –> creates hypertonic urine

34
Q

does high or low blood osmolarity decrease ADH secretion?

A

low blood osmolarity –> no need for water in blood –> decrease ADH secretion

35
Q

how is the permeability of the collecting duct to water without ADH?

A

barely permeable to water

barely any water is reabsorbed –> a lot of water lost to urine

36
Q

what would produce hypotonic urine: high or low ADH secretion?

A

low ADH secretion –> no water gets reabsorbed –> more water stays in urine –> hypotonic urine

37
Q

if the body’s fluids’ osmolarity decreases, would your urine become hypo or hypertonic? How about the opposite?

A

low blood osmolarity –> no ADH secreted –> urine is hypotonic

high blood osmolarity –> ADH secreted –> urine is hypertonic

38
Q

which are the 5 main functions of the ANP in Na+ homeostasis and renal function?

A

LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE

1) lowers aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa –> more urine –> lowers BP

2) dilates AA in glomerulus to increase GFR –> more urine –> lowers BP

3) lowers renin production –> stops angiotensin II from being produced –> (angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction to increase BP so no angiotensin II == no vasoconstriction) –> lowers blood pressure

4) suppresses Na+ reabsorption in kidneys –> more urine –> lowers blood pressure

5) lowers ADH secretion –> more urine –> lowers blood pressure

39
Q

does ANP increase or decrease the secretion of aldosterone?

which would be the consequence of this? (more or less Na+ excretion thru urine?)

A

decreases secretion of aldosterone

more urine excretion in urine

40
Q

which 2 sodium transporters in the renal tubule does ANP inhibit?

where are they?

A

NaK2Cl channel in ascending limb of loop of Henle –> lowers the amount of Na+ that gets reabsorbed –> lowers the amount of water that gets reabsorbed

ENaC channel in collecting duct –> lowers Na+ and water absorption

41
Q

does ANP produce vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the afferent arteriole?

which consequence does it have for the GFR (increase or decrease)?

A

ANP vasodilates afferent arteriole –> more urine and less blood –> lower BP

increases GFR

42
Q

Does ANP increase or decrease the secretion of renin? By which cells (ie which cells produce renin)?

A

decrease secretion of renin by juxtaglomerular (granular) cells

no renin == no angiotensin II == lowers BP

43
Q

does ANP increase or decrease the secretion of ADH?

Which would be the consequence of this? (more or less urine volume?)

A

decrease ADH secretion

raises urine volume

lowers blood volume and blood pressure

44
Q

what is the overall effect of ANP on blood pressure: increase or decrease it?

A

decrease BP

45
Q

aldosterone regulates Na+ reabsorption by secreting another cation; which one?

A

K+

46
Q

by which 3 mechanisms does aldosterone promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion acting in the principal cells?

A

acts on DCT and CD

(1) increase the Na+/K+ ATPase –> use ATP to pump Na+ out of renal tubule into blood and K+ from blood into renal tubule

(2) increase Na+ reabsorption at ENaC –> Na+ flows from urine into renal tubule

(3) increase K+ secretion –> K+ leaves renal tubule into urine

overall effect:
Na+ gets reabsorbed from urine –> renal tubule –> blood

K+ gets secreted from blood –> renal tubule –> excreted in urine

47
Q

what is the overall effect of aldosterone on blood pressure: increase or decrease it?

A

raise BP

48
Q

In which renal tubule segment (PCT, Nephron loop, DCT, CD) is most of the K+ reabsorbed?

A

PCT

(K+ is reabsorbed at PCT, then secreted/excreted at DCT/CD)

49
Q

where does fine-tuning of potassium excretion occur in the renal tubule?

A

DCT and CD

regulated by aldosterone, Na+ delivery, flow rate

50
Q

which are the main functions of principal and intercalated cells concerning K+ homeostasis (reabsorption or secretion)?

A

PSIR –> parents should include rhinos

principal –> secrete K+ by reabsorbing Na+ during hyperkalemia

intercalated –> reabsorb K+ during K+ deficit

51
Q

will high levels of K+ in the blood (hyperkalemia) stimulate or inhibit aldosterone secretion? Why?

A

stimulate aldosterone secretion

aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ excretion

52
Q

when will the intercalated cells reabsorb K+: in hyperkalemia or hypokalemia (= low K+ in the blood)?

A

hypokalemia

BIOL 204 (35 decks)

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