Lecture 8: The Heart as a Pump Flashcards

1
Q

What circuit move blood to and from the lungs?

A

The Pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

What circuit moves blood to and from the tissues of the body?

A

The Systemic circuit

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3
Q

How many chambers of the heart are there?

A

Four

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4
Q

How many directions does blood flow in?

A

One

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5
Q

What direction does arterial blood flow in?

A

Away from the heart

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6
Q

What direction does Venous fluid flow in?

A

Towards the heart

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7
Q

How many pumps are in the heart and how can their location be described?

A

There are 2 pumps and they are in series

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8
Q

When pumping blood which pumps work together in synchronisation?

A

The left/right

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9
Q

When contracting what contracts first?

A

Atria

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10
Q

When the heart contracts what contracts second?

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

What controls the flow of blood between the Atria and ventricles?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves

atrioventricular valves

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12
Q

What controls the flow of blood from the ventricles out to the circulatory vessels?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

Semilunar valves

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13
Q

What are Thin filaments made of?

A

Actin

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14
Q

What are Thick filaments made of?

A

Myosin

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15
Q

What causes mysoin-actin cross bridges to form in cardiac muscle?

A

Calcium levels increasing

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16
Q

Where are calcium ions released from into the cardiac muscle?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

17
Q

How do myosin-actin interactions generate force?

A

Myosin pulls on actin to shorten the sarcomere

18
Q

What myocytes are activated during each heart beat?

A

All the Myocytes

19
Q

How can force be increased during the contractions of the heart?

A

Increasing the extent of of cross bridge formations

20
Q

How can the extent of cross bridge formations be increased?

3

A
  • increase cytosolic calcium level
  • increase number of cross-bridges formed
  • increase force of contraction
21
Q

What causes cardiac relaxation?

A

Decrease in cytosolic calcium levels by pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

What happens to the heart during Diastole?

2

A
  • Relaxes

- Falling pressure

23
Q

What happens to the heart during Systole?

2

A
  • Contraction

- Rising pressure

24
Q

What happens during Atrial systole?

A
  • Atria contract moving blood to the ventricles
  • AV valves open
  • Semilunar valves are closed
25
Q

What happens in the Isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

5

A
  • Atria relax
  • Ventricles contract
  • AV valves close
  • Semilunar valves close
  • Pressure increases
26
Q

What happens in the Ventricular ejection phase?

A
  • Blood is pushed out of the ventricles
  • ventricles contract
  • Semilunar valves open
27
Q

What happens during Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation phase

A
  • Semilunar valves close
  • AV valves close
  • Pressure decreases
28
Q

What has a higher pressure systemic or pulmonary circuit?

A

Systemic

29
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Your lowest blood pressure

30
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Your highest blood pressure

31
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

The difference between the diastolic and systolic pressure

32
Q

What is mean pressure?

A

The average pressure over a cardiac cycle

33
Q

Why is the mean pressure lower than half way?

A

Because we spend more time at diastolic pressure

34
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A high blood pressure

35
Q

What is hypotension?

A

A low blood pressure

36
Q

What is the equation for flow?

A

Flow = Pressure difference / Resistance

37
Q

Which circuit has a higher resistance?

A

Systemic circuit