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HUBS 192 > Lecture 25: Secretion > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine secretions produced by?

A

Epithelia

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2
Q

What are the components of exocrine secretions?

3

A
  • Mucus
  • Electrolyte solution
  • Digestive enzymes
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3
Q

What are the roles of mucus?

3

A
  • Protection
  • Lubrication
  • Aid in mechanical digestion
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4
Q

What are the roles of an electrolyte solution?

2

A
  • Dilute food

- Provide optimal pH for enzymes

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5
Q

What are electrolyte solutions essential for?

A

Chemical digestion of food

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6
Q

What do digestive enzymes aid in alongside chemical digestion?

A

Absorption

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7
Q

What are digestive enzymes essential for?

A

Chemical digestion of food

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8
Q

How many salivary glands are there?

A

3 pairs

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9
Q

How much fluid do salivary glands produce a day?

A

1.5L

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10
Q

What is the basal rate of secretion for the salivary glands?

A

0.3 ml/min

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11
Q

What is the stimulated rate of secretion for the salivary glands?

A

1.5 ml/min

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12
Q

What is the composition of salivary secretion?

A
  • Mucus
  • Dilute solution of NaHCO3/NaCl
  • Digestive enzymes
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13
Q

What is the role of mucus in salivary secretions?

A

Lubrication

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14
Q

What is the role of a dilute solution of NaHCO3/NaCl in salivary secretions?

A
  • Dilute food

- Provide optimal pH for digestive enzymes

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15
Q

What digestive enzymes are present in salivary secretions?

2

A
  • Lingual lipase

- Alpha-amylase

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16
Q

What proportion of total salivary secretion is produced by the sublingual glands?

A

5%

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17
Q

What proportion of total salivary secretion is produced by the submandibular glands?

A

70%

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18
Q

What proportion of total salivary secretion is produced by the parotid glands?

A

25%

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19
Q

Is salivary secretion essential?

A

No

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20
Q

What does salivary secretion aid in?

3

A
  • Talking
  • Chewing
  • Swallowing
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21
Q

How does salivary secretion aid in hygiene?

2

A
  • Irrigation

- Dry mouth (from reduced or absent saliva)

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22
Q

What do lingual lipase help to begin digestion of?

A

Fats

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23
Q

What do Alpha-amylase help to begin the digestion of?

A

Starch

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24
Q

What are conscious nervous stimulations for salivary secretion?
(2)

A
  • Thought/smell/sight of food

- Presence of food in the mouth

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25
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence salivary secretions?

A

It stimulates secretion of copious quantities of fluid

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26
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence salivary secretions?

A

It stimulates small volumes of viscous fluid to be produced

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27
Q

What volume of gastric secretion is produced in a day?

A

2-3L

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28
Q

What is the rate of gastric secretion between meals?

A

15-30 ml/h

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29
Q

When eating what happens to gastric secretions from Mucous/Parietal/Chief cells?

A

They are superimposed on the basal rate

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30
Q

What is the function of mucus as a gastric secretion?

2

A
  • Protection from abrasion

- Protection from acid

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31
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor as a gastric secretion?

A

The absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

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32
Q

What is pepsinogen as a gastric secretion?

A

The inactive form of pepsin

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33
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A gastric proteolytic enzyme that starts the digestion of proteins

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34
Q

How is pepsinogen converted to its active form?

A

By acid

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35
Q

What are the functions of gastric acid as a gastric secretion?
(5)

A
  • Dilute food
  • Denature proteins
  • Activate pepsinogen
  • Create optimum pH for pepsin
  • Protection
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36
Q

What do mucous cells contribute towards gastric secretion?

A

Mucus

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37
Q

What do parietal cells contribute towards gastric secretion?

2

A
  • HCl

- Intrinsic factor

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38
Q

What do chief cells contribute towards gastric secretion?

A

Pepsinogen

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39
Q

Where is the source of acid by parietal cells from?

A

The dissociation of of H2CO3, after H2O and CO2 react, giving HCO3- and H+

40
Q

Where is the H-K ATPase found?

A

In the apical membrane of parietal cells

41
Q

What does the H-K ATPase in the parietal cell do?

A

Pumps hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach in exchange for K ions

42
Q

How does the anion counter transporter in the serosal membrane of the parietal cell work?

A

It ejects bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid in exchange for Cl- ions into the cell

43
Q

Once in the parietal cell what do Cl- ions do?

A

Diffuse across the cell and enter the lumen of the stomach via a channel in the apical membrane

44
Q

Gastric secretion is co-ordinated with what?

A

Eating and the arrival of food

45
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
46
Q

What controls the cephalic phase of secretion?

A

The head

47
Q

What % of secretion from a meal is associated with the cephalic phase?

A

20%

48
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system act through during the cephalic phase of secretion?

A

The enteric nervous system

49
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system cause via the enteric nervous system during the cephalic phase of secretion?

A
  • Parietal/chief/goblet cells to secret

- Secretion of the hormone gastrin

50
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

2

A
  • Parietal cells

- Chief cells

51
Q

What % of secretion from a meal is associated with the gastric phase?

A

70%

52
Q

What controls the gastric phase of secretion?

A

The stomach

53
Q

What does the gastric phase of secretion ensure?

A

There is sufficient secretion to handle ingested food

54
Q

What are stimuli in the stomach during the gastric phase of secretion?
(3)

A
  • Stretch/distension of the stomach wall
  • Products of digestion are present
  • Elevated pH
55
Q

What is the local nervous reflex that controls gastric secretion?

A

The enteric nervous system

56
Q

What is the external nervous reflex that controls gastric secretion?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

57
Q

What does nervous/hormonal regulation stimulate during gastric secretion?

A
  • More secretion

- Motility

58
Q

What does gastrin do during the gastric phase of secretion?

A

Further stimulates secretion and motility

59
Q

What % of secretion from a meal is associated with the intestinal phase?

A

10%

60
Q

What regulates the intestinal phase of secretion?

A

The small intestine

61
Q

The intestinal phase of secretion controls what?

A

Delivery of substance to the duodenum

62
Q

What are stimuli for the intestinal phase of secretion?

2

A
  • Distension of the duodenum

- Arrival of acid chyme/lipids/carbohydrates

63
Q

What hormones regulate gastric secretion?

3

A
  • GIP
  • CCK
  • Secretin
64
Q

What nerve regulates the intestinal phase of secretion?

A

The enterogastric reflex

65
Q

What does the enterogastric reflex and GIP,CCK, Secretin hormones do during the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

Both inhibit secretion and motility

66
Q

What kind of organ is the liver?

A

An endocrine and exocrine organ

67
Q

What is the volume of pancreatic secretion a day?

A

1-1.5L

68
Q

What are the 2 main components of pancreatic secretion?

A
  • Enzymes

- Alkaline fluid

69
Q

What cells in the pancreas produces enzymes?

A

Acinar cells

70
Q

What are enzymes produced in the pancreas important for?

A

Chemical digestion

71
Q

What produces alkaline fluid in the pancreas?

A

Duct cells

72
Q

What is alkaline fluid produced in the pancreas important for?
(2)

A
  • Neutralising acid

- Providing the optimum pH for enzymes

73
Q

The pancreas is the most important source of what?

A

Digestive enzymes

74
Q

What stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes by acinar cells?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

75
Q

What is the function of pancreatic enzymes?

A

Luminal chemical digestion of food

76
Q

Proteolytic enzymes are secreted as what in the duodenum?

A

Inactive precursors

77
Q

What is the precursor to trypsin?

A

Trypsinogen

78
Q

What is the precursor to chymotrypsin?

A

Chymotrypsinogen

79
Q

What is the precursor to carboxypeptidase?

A

Procarboxypeptidase

80
Q

In the small intestine what does activation of enzymes involve?

A

Enterokinase

81
Q

What is enterokinse bound to?

A

The duodenal membrane

82
Q

What does enterokinase do?

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

83
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

Converts other enzymes to their active form

84
Q

What is secretion of alkaline fluid stimulated by?

A

Secretin

85
Q

What is the secretion of secretin stimulated by?

A

Arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum

86
Q

What does alkaline fluid do?

A

Neutralises acid chyme that is delivered from the stomach

87
Q

What is produced in Billary secretions?

2

A
  • Bile salts

- HCO3-

88
Q

What is the role of bile salts?

A

Fat digestion

89
Q

What is bile secreted constantly by?

A

The liver

89
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

In the gallbladder

89
Q

When is bile delivered to the duodenum?

A

With the arrival of food

90
Q

What % of bile is reabsorbed and where is it reabsorbed?

A

95% is reabsorbed in the ileum

91
Q

What stimulates the release of bile?

A

CCK

92
Q

What is bile transported back to the liver in?

A

Enterohepatic circulation

93
Q

What does the small intestine secretion contain?

3

A
  • Mucus
  • Isosmotic fluid
  • Digestive enzymes

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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