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HUBS 192 > Lecture 35: Male reproductive system II > Flashcards

Lecture 35: Male reproductive system II Flashcards

1
Q

What does the scrotum contain?

3

A
  • 2 testes
  • 2 epididymides
  • 2 spermatic cords
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2
Q

Why does the scrotum house the testes away from the body?

A

To maintain their temperature at approximately 34 degrees

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3
Q

What is the scrotum lined by?

A

The dartos muscle

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4
Q

What does the cremaster muscle within the scrotum do?

A

Contracts for heat conservation

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5
Q

How many spermatic cords are there?

A

2

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6
Q

Where do the spermatic cords run?

A

Between the abdomen and testes

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7
Q

What do the spermatic cords contain?

4

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Blood vessels (Testicular arteries, veins and venous plexus)
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the penis?

A
  • Urination

- Copulation

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9
Q

What are the 3 regions of the penis?

A
  • Root (bulb)
  • Body
  • Glans covered by prepuce/foreskin
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10
Q

What cylindrical erectile tissues does the penis contain?

2

A
  • 2 corpora cavernosa

- 1 corpus sponginosum

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11
Q

What is the main erectile tissue in the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa (corpus cavernosum - singular)

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12
Q

What aspect of the penis is the corpora cavernosa?

A

The dorsal aspect

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13
Q

What aspect of the penis is the corpus spongiosum?

A

Ventral aspect

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14
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum contain?

A

The urethra

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15
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum form?

2

A
  • Bulb

- Glans

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16
Q

What are spermatozoa carried to the the female reproductive tract in?

A

Seminal fluid

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17
Q

What is seminal fluid with spermatozoa called?

A

Semen

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18
Q

What 3 accessory glands is seminal fluid mostly produced by?

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
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19
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

2

A
  • Posterior to the bladder

- Lateral to the ampulla

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20
Q

What do seminal vesicles produce?

A

Viscous secretion

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21
Q

What % of semen is made by the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

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22
Q

What does the alkaline pH nature of sperm protect against?

A

The acidic environment in the urethra and vagina

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23
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

2

A
  • Inferior to the bladder

- Wrapping around the prostatic urethra

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24
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

A slightly acidic, milky fluid secretion

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25
Q

What does the prostate gland secretion contain?

A

PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

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26
Q

What does PSA contained in prostate gland secretion contribute to?
(3)

A
  • Sperm activation
  • Sperm viability
  • Sperm motility
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27
Q

What % of semen is made by the prostate gland?

A

30%

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28
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

In the urogenital diaphragm

29
Q

What % of semen is made by the bulbourethral glands?

A

5%

30
Q

What do secretions of bulbourethral glands do?

A

Lubricate and neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejaculation

31
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

A surgical method of sterilisation in males

32
Q

What occurs in a vasectomy?

A

The ductus deferens are cut then tied or cauterised

33
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The formation of the gametes

34
Q

What is gametogenesis in males called?

A

Spermatogenesis

35
Q

What is gametogenesis in females called?

A

Oogenesis

36
Q

What is gametogenesis under the control of?

A

Hormones

37
Q

What does gametogenesis occur via?

2

A
  • Mitosis

- Meiosis

38
Q

What do cells need to be by the end of gametogenesis?

A

Haploid (contain 23 chromosomes)

39
Q

How many chromosomes does an original cell contain?

A

46 chromosomes (diploid/2n)

40
Q

After 2 cycles of cell division what is produced?

A

Gametes with 23 chromosomes (haploid)

41
Q

What occurs in meiosis I?

A

2 haploid cells are produced from 1 original diploid cell

42
Q

What occurs in meiosis II?

A

Each cell produced from meiosis I divides to produce 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosome cells

43
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of the male gamete

44
Q

Spermatogenesis is the process by which what happens?

A

Spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa (sperm)

45
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs spontaneously from when?

A

Puberty onwards

46
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

47
Q

During the first stage of spermatogenesis what do spermatogonia divide by and into?

A

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 daughter cells

48
Q

After spermatogonia divide into 2 daughter cells what do type A spermatogonia do?

A

They stay at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

49
Q

After spermatogonia divide into 2 daughter cells what happens to type B spermatogonia?

A

They differentiate into primary spermatocytes which undergo meiosis I

50
Q

What do primary spermatocytes that have undergone meiosis I form?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

51
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes undergo and form?

A

Meiosis II to form spermatids (haploid)

52
Q

What do spermatids differentiate into?

A

Spermatozoa with a head, tail and body

53
Q

What do spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa via?

A

Spermiogenesis

54
Q

What are spermatozoa released into?

A

The lumen of the seminiferous tubule

55
Q

What is gonadotropin?

A

A hormone that acts on the gonads

56
Q

What is (GnRH) gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by?

A

The hypothalamus

57
Q

What is (LH) Luteinizing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

58
Q

What is (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by?

A

The anterior pituitary

59
Q

Where is inhibin produced?

A

Nurse (Sertoli cells)

60
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells

61
Q

Testosterone is a type of what?

A

Androgen

62
Q

What is androgen a group of?

A

Steroid hormones

63
Q

What male characteristics is testosterone responsible for?

4

A
  • Maturation of sex organs
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • Libido
64
Q

What are synthetic androgens (steroids) used for?

A

therapeutic purposes

65
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

The production of testosterone

66
Q

What does FSH and testosterone control?

A

Spermatogenesis

67
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Inhibin production

68
Q

What does inhibin suppress?

A

FSH

69
Q

What does testosterone suppress?

A

LH & GnRH

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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