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HUBS 192 > Lecture 31: Urine composition, functions of the kidney, and basic nephron processes > Flashcards

Lecture 31: Urine composition, functions of the kidney, and basic nephron processes Flashcards

1
Q

How much normal urine is produced a day?

A

1.5 L/day

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2
Q

What % of urine is water?

A

95% - 98%

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3
Q

What is excreted in normal urine?

5

A
  • Urea/uric acid
  • H+/NH3 (hydronium ions/ammonia)
  • Potassium/sodium
  • Drugs
  • Toxins
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4
Q

What is found in pathological urine?

6

A
  • Glucose
  • Protein
  • Blood
  • Haemoglobin
  • Leucocytes
  • Bacteria
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5
Q

How should normal urine look?

A

Clear, light or dark amber

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6
Q

How should normal urine taste?

A

Acidic (pH 5-6)

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7
Q

How should normal urine not taste?

A

Sweet

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8
Q

What is the pH of our urine dependent on?

A

Diet

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9
Q

What can the pH of vegetarians urine be up to?

A

7.2

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10
Q

What is the pH of meat eaters (high protein)?

A

4.8

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11
Q

what is the smell of normal urine?

A

Unremarkable

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12
Q

What does pathological urine look like?

A

golden, red, brown or blue

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13
Q

What does pathological urine taste like?

A

Sweet

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14
Q

What does pathological urine smell like?

A

Fruits or rotten

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15
Q

What are low oxygen levels detected by?

A

The kidneys

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16
Q

What does the kidney release?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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17
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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18
Q

What can chronic renal failure lead to?

A

Anaemia

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19
Q

What does anaemia lead to?

A

Low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin

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20
Q

What does low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin lead to?

A

Low blood oxygen levels

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21
Q

What can happen to substances in the kidneys?

A

They can be metabolised

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22
Q

What is meant by the kidneys being able to preform gluconeogenesis?

A

They can produce glucose in a fasted state

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23
Q

What is potassium ion concentration important for?

A

Many processes

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24
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of all cells based on?

A

The potassium gradient (inside/outside) of cells

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25
Q

How much potassium is in a banana?

A

0.5g

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26
Q

How much potassium is needed dietarily daily?

A

5g

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27
Q

How much potassium is needed to kill a 165lb person?

A

190g

28
Q

What do the kidneys do to potassium?

A

They secrete it

29
Q

What does kidney disease/failure lead to?

A

Hyperkalemia (death)

30
Q

What is lidocaine?

A

A commonly used local anaesthetic

31
Q

When is lidocaine excreted by the kidneys?

A

After metabolism in the liver

32
Q

Why is lidocaine excreted by the kidneys, after metabolism in the liver?

A

Due to its fat soluble (lipophilic) nature

33
Q

How is aspirin excreted?

A

Directly by the kidneys

34
Q

Why is aspirin excreted directly from the kidneys?

A

Because it is highly water soluble (hydrophilic)

35
Q

What is pH?

A

-log[H+]

36
Q

What does pH indicate?

A

Degree of acidity or alkalinity

37
Q

What is the range of pH?

A

0-14

38
Q

What does a pH of 7 mean?

A

Neutral

39
Q

What does a pH of <7 mean?

A

Acid (excess H+)

40
Q

What does a pH of >7 mean?

A

alkaline/basic (excess base)

41
Q

What is a blood pH of > 7.4 called?

A

Alkalosis

42
Q

What is a blood pH of < 7.4 called?

A

Acidosis

43
Q

What is the main buffer of the blood stream?

A

Bicarbonate

44
Q

How does bicarbonate act as a buffer?

A

By neutralising so called non-volatile acids coming from metabolism, food and drinks, maintaining a pH of 7.4

45
Q

What is bicarbonate concentration in the blood controlled by?

A

The lungs and kidneys

46
Q

How is bicarbonate concentration in the blood controlled by the lungs and kidneys?

A

By exhalation of carbon dioxide from the lungs or reabsorption of bicarbonate by the kidneys/secretion of hydrogen ions

47
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of a nephron?

A
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Reabsorption
48
Q

What does filtration in the nephron do?

A

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

49
Q

What does reabsorption in the nephron do?

A

Removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood

50
Q

What does secretion in the nephron do?

A

Adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

51
Q

What does the balance of filtration/reabsorption/secretion determine?

A

The way a particular substance is handled in the kidneys

52
Q

Many substances are filtered with a constant what? at the renal corpuscle

A

Rate

53
Q

What is the exception to substances being filtered at a constant rate?

A

Substances bound to proteins

54
Q

What are examples of substances that need to be partly/entirely re-absorbed respectively?
(2)

A
  • Na,K

- Glucose

55
Q

What process occur at the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

56
Q

What process occurs at the proximal tubule?

2

A
  • Bulk reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium, potassium)

- Secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins

57
Q

What process occurs at the distal tubule?

A

Fine tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

58
Q

What process occurs at the collecting duct?

A

Fine tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption

59
Q

What only happens to glucose and where does this only happen?

A

It is only reabsorbed and it only occurs in the proximal tubule

60
Q

What does potassium reabsorption/secretion depend on?

A

Diet

61
Q

Where is water reabsorbed?

A

In most parts of the nephron

62
Q

How are drugs/toxins e.g. penicillin mostly excreted?

A

By active secretion or non-filtration

63
Q

What happens to big molecules such as albumin?

A

It is not filtered

64
Q 
What disease(s) are indicated by blood being present in the urine?
(3)
A
  • Haematuria
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Damage to filtration barrier
65
Q 
What disease(s) does a urine sample with a specific gravity not between 50-1335 mOsmol/L indicate?
(3)
A
  • Polyuria
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Diabetes insipidus
66
Q 
What disease(s) are indicated by glucose being present in the urine?
(2)
A
  • Glucosuria

- Diabetes mellitus

67
Q 
What disease(s) are indicated by protein being present in the urine?
(3)
A
  • Proteinuria
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • damage to filtration barrier

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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