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HUBS 192 > Lecture 17: The Work of Breathing > Flashcards

Lecture 17: The Work of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pressure of gas related to its volume?

A

Inversely proportional

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2
Q

What is boyles law?

A

P = 1/V

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3
Q

What happens to pressure right before a breath?

A

The pressure outside the body and inside the lungs are equal so no air is moving

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4
Q

How does gas move?

A

From high pressure to low pressure

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5
Q

What happens as you inhale?

A

Your diaphragm drops while your rib cage expands

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6
Q

During inhalation what does the expansion of your chest do to pressure?

A

Lowers pressure

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7
Q

What happens to lung volume during inhalation?

A

It increases

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8
Q

What happens to pressure during inhalation?

A

Pressure inside the lungs decreases

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9
Q

What happens to air as a result of decreased pressure inside the lungs during inhalation?

A

Air rushes in

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10
Q

What happens to lung volume during exhalation?

A

It decreases

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11
Q

What happens to pressure during exhalation?

A

Pressure inside the lungs increases

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12
Q

What happens to air as a result of increased pressure inside the lungs during exhalation?

A

Air rushes out

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13
Q

What is the direction of airflow determined by?

A

A difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

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14
Q

What 2 opposing forces must be overcome to take a breath?

A
  • Stiffness of the lungs

- Resistance of the airways to the lungs

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15
Q

What is lung stiffness related to?

A

Compliance

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16
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Change in the lung volume produced by the given change in the pressure

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17
Q

What is a low lung compliance referred as?

A

Stiff lungs

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18
Q

What needs to happen for stiff lungs to expand?

A

More work to occur

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19
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Lung disease where lungs become too elastic resulting in a decreased compliance

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20
Q

What can cause scarring of the alveolar membranes?

A

Chronic inflammation or exposure to industrial chemicals

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21
Q

What happens to the compliance curve of lungs suffering from Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

It lies lower and flatter on a graph

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22
Q

Alveoli are lined with fluid that does what?

A

Exerts surface tension

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23
Q

What enhances the effect of surface tension in Alveoli?

A

The walls of the alveoli are very thin

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24
Q

What must be overcome to expand the lungs?

A

Surface tension

25
Q

What reduces the surface tension in alveoli?

A

Surfactant

26
Q

What produces the surfactant used to reduce surface tension in alveoli?

A

Alveolar type II pneumocytes

27
Q

What is the major constituent of surfactant used in Alveoli?

A

Phospholipids

28
Q

What do phospholipids in surfactant do?

A

Reduce the attractive forces between fluid molecules lining alveoli making it easier to increase lung size

29
Q

What does lack of surfactant/failure to produce adequate surfactant result in?

A

Stiff lungs

30
Q

What does premature infants not producing surfactant result in?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

31
Q

What is air conducted through?

A

The bronchi and bronchioles

32
Q

What do the bronchi and bronchioles do to air moving through the respiratory tract?

A

Exert the force of friction that must be overcome

33
Q

Where does most of the resistance to airflow occur as a result of a small cross sectional area?

A

In the Bronchi

34
Q

How much resistance do the small airways (terminal and respiratory bronchioles) contribute to airway resistance?

A

Very little due to a high cross sectional area

35
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

2

A
  • Volume of air inhaled/exhaled

- How fast can you breathe

36
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath

37
Q

What is the typical tidal volume value?

A

500mL

38
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume

39
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal, quiet respiratory cycle

40
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

41
Q

What is minimal volume?

A

The volume remaining in lung if they collapsed

42
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be moved in and out of your lungs

43
Q

What is vital capacity a combination of?

A

Inspiratory reserve + Expiratory reserve + Tidal volume

44
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total volume in lungs when it is filled to max

45
Q

What is total lung capacity a combination of?

A

Vital capacity + Residual volume

46
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Total volume of air that can be inspired from rest (At the end of expiration)

47
Q

What is inspiratory capacity a combination of?

A

Inspiratory reserve + Tidal volume

48
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Volume remaining in lung after normal exhalation

49
Q

What is functional residual capacity a combination of?

A

Expiratory reserve + residual volume

50
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

A

How much of the forced vital capacity (FVC) comes out in the first second

51
Q

What does disease do to FEV1?

A

It is reduced as there is an Increased resistance therefore reduced airflow

52
Q

What is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

80%

53
Q

What does an FEV1/FVC < 70% indicate?

A

airways are obstructed meaning an increased airway resistance

54
Q

What can spirometry discern between?

A

Obstructive and restrictive issues

55
Q

What is a result of a restrictive lung issue?

A

Reduced lung capacity

56
Q

What is a result of a obstructive lung issue?

A

Increased resistance to airflow

57
Q

What is an example of a restrictive lung issue?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

58
Q

What is an example of a obstructive lung issue?

A

Asthma, Chronic bronchitis

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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