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HUBS 192 > Lecture 2: Anatomy of the skin, Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Anatomy of the skin, Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are example accessory structures to the skin?

4

A
  • Hair
  • Sweat glands
  • Receptors
  • Nails
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2
Q

Where is hair located?

A

All over the body

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3
Q

Where is hair prominent?

A

On the head

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4
Q

What does hair consist of?

4

A
  • Hair shaft
  • Hair follicle
  • Arrector pili muscle
  • Sebaceous gland
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5
Q

Where does hair grow from?

A

The follicle

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6
Q

What does the Arrector pili muscle connect to?

A

The follicle

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7
Q

What is the Arrector pili muscles an example of?

A

Muscle tissue

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8
Q

What does the sebaceous gland do?

A

Produces sebum

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9
Q

What is sebum?

2

A
  • A natural moisturiser

- Water repellent

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10
Q

What is Acne?

A

A blockage of hair follicles + infection

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11
Q

What is a result of increased sebum?

A

Increased risk of acne

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12
Q

Where is sebum production highest?

3

A
  • Head
  • Face
  • Shoulders
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13
Q

What are 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands

- Apocrine sweat glands

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14
Q

Where are Eccrine sweat glands found?

A

All over the body

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15
Q

What is the function of Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation

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16
Q

Where are Apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Deeper in the skin

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17
Q

What is the function of Apocrine sweat glands?

A

Release oily substance into the base of the hair follicle

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18
Q

What are pheromones secreted by?

A

Apocrine glands

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19
Q

What are three types of skin receptors?

A
  • Tactile
  • Lamellar
  • Bulbous
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20
Q

How do receptors interpret sensation?

A

Deformation - Change in shape

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21
Q

What are functions of nails?

2

A
  • Protect fingertips

- Enhance sensation

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22
Q

What is melanin?

A

It is a pigment

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23
Q

What does the pigment melanin do?

A

Absorbs UV light, protecting cells from UV damage

24
Q

Where is melanin produced?

A

Melanocytes

25
Q

How is melanin transferred to epidermal cells?

A

Melanosomes

26
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Vesicles containing Melanin

27
Q

What is a mole?

A

A cluster of melanocytes

28
Q

What can cause over proliferation of melanocytes?

A

Sun exposure

29
Q

What is a freckle?

A

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

30
Q

What causes the overproduction of melanosomes?

A

Sun exposure

31
Q

Where are Melanocytes found?

A

Only in the Stratum basale

32
Q

Where are Melanosomes found?

A

Throughout the Epidermis

33
Q

What happens to the density of Melanocytes throughout the body?

A

It varies throughout the body

34
Q

Does the density of melanocytes vary between races?

A

No

35
Q

Why is human skin pigmentation so variable?

A

It matches UV exposure to that of indigenous populations

36
Q

What is vitamin D required for?

2

A
  • Normal calcium metabolism

- strong bones

37
Q

What can vitamin D deficiency result in?

2

A
  • Rickets

- Mood swings

38
Q

What is required for vitamin D synthesis?

A

UV exposure

39
Q

What is the likely reason for less skin pigmentation in people at higher latitudes?

A

Less UV exposure

40
Q

Are highly pigmented people more or less susceptible to Vitamin D deficiency?

A

More susceptible

41
Q

Where are highly pigmented people located when more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

A

Extreme latitiudes

42
Q

When do reported incidents of rickets become greatest?

A

During winter and spring

43
Q

What is particular about NZ UV exposure?

A

It is intense

44
Q

What are 2 types of skin cancer?

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma

- Malignant melanoma

45
Q

Where does Basel cell carcinoma originate?

A

Stratum basale

46
Q

What are features of Basal cell carcinoma?

2

A
  • Common but relatively benign

- Metastasis is rare

47
Q

Where does Malignant melanoma originate?

A

In melanocytes

48
Q

What are features of Malignant melanoma?

3

A
  • Rare but deadly if not treated
  • Highly metastatic
  • Mortality rate due to tumour, dependant upon the tumour
49
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

tumour breaking off and growing into new tumours in new places

50
Q

What does the thickness of a melanoma correlate with?

A

Mortality rate

51
Q

What does a thicker melanoma mean?

2

A
  • The deeper into the dermis it can get

- The more likely it is to get into the circulatory/lymphatic system

52
Q

What is a tattoo?

A

Artificial pigmentation

53
Q

What layer is artificial pigmentation stored in for tattoos?

A

The Dermal layer

54
Q

What type of cells/tissue are tattoos stored in?

A

Immune cells/Scar tissue

55
Q

What are examples of different types of tattoos?

2

A
  • Trauma

- Decorative/Cosmetic

56
Q

What is a trauma tattoo?

A

When foreign bodies become forcibly embedded in the skin

57
Q

What does the Arrector pili muscle aid in?

A

The insulatory effect

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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