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HUBS 192 > Lecture 5: Anatomy of the Heart, Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Anatomy of the Heart, Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Heart valves are there?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the names of the 2 types of heart valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves

- Semilunar valves

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3
Q

What is the function of the Atrioventricular valves?

A

Prevent blood returning to Atria during ventricular contraction

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4
Q

What is the name of the right Atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricupsid valve

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5
Q

What is the name of the left Atrioventricular valve?

A

Bicupsid (mitral) valve

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6
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

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7
Q

How many cusps does the bicuspid valve have?

A

2

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8
Q

What happens to the heart during Diastole?

A

Ventricular muscles relax and blood fills into the Ventricles from the Atria

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9
Q

What valves are open/closed during Diastole?

A

Open - Atrioventricular

Closed - Semilunar

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10
Q

What happens to the heart during (Ventricular) Systole?

A

Ventricular muscles contract and blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the arteries

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11
Q

What valves are open/closed during Systole?

A

Open - Semilunar

Closed - Atrioventricular

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12
Q

What closes the Atrioventricular valves during Systole?

A

The backwards pressure of blood pushing on the valves

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13
Q

What opens the Semilunar valves during Systole

A

The forward pressure of blood pushing on the valves

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14
Q

Whats a simple description of Systole?

A

Blood flowing out of the heart due to contraction

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15
Q

Whats a simple description of Diastole?

A

Blood flowing into the heart due to relaxation

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16
Q

What is the function of the Semilunar valves?

A

Prevent blood returning to ventricles during filling (Diastole)

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17
Q

What is the name of the right Semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary (Semilunar) valve

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18
Q

What is the name of the left (Semilunar) valve?

A

Aortic (Semilunar) valve

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19
Q

How many cusps does the Pulmonary/Aortic semilunar valve have?

A

3

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20
Q

What is bigger the Pulmonary or Aortic valve?

A

Aortic valve

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21
Q

What happens to blood due to it moving out of the heart through a small valve?

A

It moves at high pressure/velocity

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22
Q

What happens to blood due to it entering the heart through a large valve?

A

It moves at lower velocity with less pressure

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23
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Finger like projections of the capillary wall in the heart

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24
Q

What is the chordae tendineae?

A

Tendon like fibrous cords that connect to the Papillary muscles and Atrioventricular valve cusp

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25
Q

What do the Papillary muscles/Chordae Tendineae do?

A

They develop pre-tension on the Atrioventricular cusps to prevent heavy slamming due to high pressure

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26
Q

What is the first branch off the Aorta of Systemic circulation?

A

The Coronary Artery

27
Q

What are the 2 Coronary arteries?

A

Right/Left

28
Q

What does the right Coronary artery supply?

A

The Right side of the heart and some of the posterior

29
Q

What does the left Coronary Artery supply?

A

The left side of the heart

30
Q

What does the left Coronary Artery divide into?

2

A
  • Circumflex artery

- Anterior interventricular artery

31
Q

What does the Anterior interventricular Artery supply?

2

A
  • The interventricular septum

- Anterior of the heart

32
Q

What does the Circumflex Artery supply?

A

The posterior of the heart

33
Q

What takes deoxygenated blood that has been used by the heart, away from the heart?

A

The Cardiac veins

34
Q

What side of the heart is drained by the small Cardiac vein?

A

Right side

35
Q

What side of the heart is drained by the great Cardiac vein?

A

Left side

36
Q

What do the Cardiac veins carry blood back into the heart through?

A

The Coronary sinus

37
Q

What feature can be determined from a Longitudinal Histological section of Cardiac muscle?

A

Thin capillary walls to limit distance of diffusion

38
Q

What feature can be determined from a Transverse Histological section of Cardiac muscle?

A

They contain lots of Capillaries

39
Q

What are two features of Cardiac muscle structure?

2

A
  • Striated

- Short, branched cells

40
Q

How many nuclei are there per Cardiac muscle cell?

A

one/occasionally two

41
Q

What is the shape/position of the nucleus in Cardiac muscle cells?

A

Central and oval shaped

42
Q

Where are the Cytoplasmic organelles packed in Cardiac muscle cell nuclei?

A

At the poles of the nuclei

43
Q

How are Cardiac muscle cells interconnected with neighbouring cells?

A

Via intercalated disks (ICDs)

44
Q

What is special about the mitochondria in Cardiac muscle?

A

Theres lots of them, they are about 20% of the cell volume

45
Q

Why are the sarcomeres of Cardiac muscles pointed in different angles?

A

Due to the branching multi direction force that is produced

46
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A

The area between Cardio Myocytes

47
Q

What are the 3 types of junction that form the intercalated disks?

A
  • Adhesion belts
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
48
Q

What do Adhesion belts do?

2

A
  • Link actin to actin

- Allow neighbouring myocytes to contract through physical propagation

49
Q

What do Desmosomes do?

2

A
  • link Cytokeratine with Cytokeratine

- The cytoskeletons of neighbouring cells

50
Q

What do Gap junctions do?

A

Electrochemical communication

51
Q

What is specific about Gap junction positioning in intercalated disks?

A

They are placed parallel to the direction of contraction

52
Q

What does the conduction system of the heart do to the efficiency of heart pumping?

A

It increases it

53
Q

What is the Conduction system of the heart responsible for?

2

A
  • Co-ordination of heart contractions

- Atrioventricular valve action

54
Q

What alters the rate of conduction impulse generation?

A

Autonomic nerves

55
Q

Where does the Conduction pathway begin?

A

At the Sinoatrial node

56
Q

After the Sinoatrial node where does the conduction pathway pass through?

A

Internodal pathways

57
Q

Where do all the internodal pathways reunite?

A

The Atrioventricular node

58
Q

Following the Atrioventricular node what do electrical impulses travel through?

A

Atrioventricular bundle

59
Q

What does the Atrioventricular bundle branch into?

A

Right and left bundles

60
Q

What do the right and left Atrioventricular bundles branch into?

A

Purkinje fibres

61
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Modified cardiac muscle

62
Q

What is the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells filled with?

A

Mitochondria and glycogen

63
Q

What type of junction is largely present in Purkinje cells?

A

Gap junctions

64
Q

Where is the nucleus located in Purkinje cells?

A

Centrally

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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