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HUBS 192 > Lecture 28: Gross Structure of the Kidney > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Gross Structure of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What % of male bodies are water?

A

60%

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2
Q

What % of female bodies are water?

A

55%

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3
Q

Why do males have higher % of water in their body?

A

Males tend to have more muscle which holds more water

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4
Q

Why do females have lower % of water in their body?

A

Women tend to have more adipose which doesn’t hold water as well

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5
Q

What proportion of total body water is extracellular?

A

1/3

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6
Q

What proportion of total body water is intracellular?

A

2/3

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7
Q

Balance of what’s crucial?

A

Water

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8
Q

How does the urinary system maintain balance?

A

By filtering our blood

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9
Q

What does the urinary system expel?

4

A
  • Excess water
  • Excess salts
  • Wastes of metabolism
  • Many toxins and drugs
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10
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A

1.2 Litres

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11
Q

How much urine does a typical person produce in a day?

A

800-2000 mL

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12
Q

What is urine?

A

Waste products, excreted to maintain balance within the body

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13
Q

What is excreted in normal urine?

4

A
  • Water
  • Salts
  • Urea
  • Metabolites (Hormones, Small proteins)
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14
Q

pH is not tightly what?

A

Regulated

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15
Q

Urea is influenced by?

A

What is excreted

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16
Q

What does urine pH fluctuate between?

A

Approximately 4.6 - 8

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17
Q

What is Urine useful for?

A

Diagnostic tool for disease states

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18
Q

What is contained in abnormal urine?

3

A
  • Large proteins
  • RBC
  • Glucose
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19
Q

What is selective filtration largely dependant on?

A

The size of the molecules being filtered

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20
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a what?

A

Delivery system for blood

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21
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a selective what?

A

Filtration system

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22
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a filtrate what?

A

Recovery system (Reabsorption)

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23
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a system to return what?

A

Recovered/filtered fluid to body

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24
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs a system to remove filtrate from where?

A

The body

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25
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs the ability to communicate with what?

A

Relevant parts of the body

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26
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs to be adaptable to what?

A

Meet the body’s changing needs

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27
Q

What are the main component of the Urinary system?

4

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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28
Q

What does each kidney have?

A

Its own ureter

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29
Q

What do ureters extend down and empty into?

A

The urinary bladder

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30
Q

What extends down from the urinary bladder?

A

A single urethra

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31
Q

The structure of the kidneys allows blood to be bought into close proximity with what and for what?

A

Close proximity with nephrons for filtering

32
Q

The structure of the kidneys allows blood that has been filtered to do what?

A

Leave the kidneys

33
Q

The structure of the kidneys allows a pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney and then for what to happen?

A

It to be stored and then excreted

34
Q

What level of vertebrae are the kidneys between?

A

T12 - L3

35
Q

What ribs provide protection to the kidney?

A

11th/12th

36
Q

The convex sides of the kidneys do what?

A

Face laterally

37
Q

The medial surface of the kidneys have a concave notch called the what?

A

Hilum

38
Q

What moves through the hilum?

4

A
  • renal blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
  • Ureter
39
Q

What does the liver do to the right kidney?

A

Pushes it down slightly

40
Q

What sits on top of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

41
Q

The kidneys are where?

A

Retroperitoneal

42
Q

What is meant by the kidneys being retroperitoneal?

A

They are located on the posterior abdominal wall, covered on the anterior side by the peritoneum

43
Q

What surrounds and protects the kidneys?

A

Fat

44
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

A
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • Renal pelvis
45
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

A fibrous capsule that surrounds the kidney providing protection

46
Q

What does the inner medulla divide into?

A

Renal pyramids

47
Q

What does each renal pyramid end in?

A

A papilla

48
Q

The renal cortex is a continuous layer that contains what?

A

Renal columns which extend between the renal pyramids

49
Q

What do the cortex and medulla contain?

A

Multiple functional lobes

50
Q

How many lobes are there per kidney?

A

5-11

51
Q

What is contained in a lobe?

A
  • One medullary pyramid

- All the cortex that surrounds it

52
Q

What are kidney lobes made of?

A

Nephrons, typically thousands per lobe

53
Q

Where do nephron endings finish?

A

In the minor calyx

54
Q

Where does urine drain from?

A

Each papilla

55
Q

What does urine drained from a papilla collect in?

A

In a calyx

56
Q

What do calyces join to form?

A

Renal pelvis

57
Q

What happens to the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum to become the ureter?

A

It narrows

58
Q

What is the flow of urine in the kidney?

5

A
  • Papilla
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
59
Q

How is urine produced?

A

By filtering waste products from the blood into the nephron

60
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

In the cortex of the kidney

61
Q

Where does the renal artery arise from?

A

The abdominal aorta

62
Q

Branching arteries get smaller until what?

A

They reach the cortex

63
Q

Veins return filtered blood from the cortex to where?

A

The renal vein, then to the IVC

64
Q

The afferent arteriole does what?

A

Delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus

65
Q

What is the glomerulus is made of?

A

Glomerular capillaries

66
Q

What occurs at the glomerular capillaries?

A

Filtration

67
Q

The efferent arteriole does what?

A

Carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

68
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries do?

A

Carry blood to veins

69
Q

Nerve supply to the kidney is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the what?

A

Renal plexus

70
Q

What do sympathetic nerves act to adjust in the kidneys?

A

The diameter of renal arterioles and this regulates blood flow

71
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic functionl units of the kidney

72
Q

The bulk of the kidney is made from what?

A

Nephrons

73
Q

What do nephrons do?

3

A
  • Filter blood
  • Selectively reabsorb or secrete
  • Produce urine
74
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

Where blood from the glomerulus and the nephron meet

75
Q

What is the renal corpuscle made from?

2

A
  • Glomerulus

- Glomerular capsule

76
Q

What makes up the nephron?

5

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
77
Q

A single collecting duct is shared by what?

A

Multiple nephrons

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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