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HUBS 192 > Lecture 10: Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What generates pressure for systemic circulation?

A

The left ventricle

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2
Q

What is linked to the high pressure in the large systemic arteries?

A

Ventricular contraction and ejection of blood

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3
Q

What is pulsatility in major arteries due to?

A

Non-continuous pumping of blood (systole/diastole)

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4
Q

What is Mean Arteriole blood Pressure a critically important determinant of?

A

Blood flow

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5
Q

Is blood pressure high or low in major arteries?

A

High

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6
Q

Where does blood pressure fall steeply?

A

Across the Arterioles, Capillaries and Venules

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7
Q

What is reduced due to the steep fall of blood pressure across Arterioles, Capillaries and Venules?

A

The oscillatory nature of blood pressure

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8
Q

Is blood pressure high or low in veins?

A

Low

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9
Q

What does the large pressure difference between the arterial and venous sides of the circulatory system do?

A

Creates a driving force for blood flow

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10
Q

What does ejection of blood into the arterial system maintain?

A

Arteriole blood volume and blood pressure

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11
Q

What is arteriole blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

Balance between blood flow “in” and “out”

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12
Q

What are effects of blood flow into the arteries?

3

A
  • Fills arteries
  • Increases arterial blood volume
  • Raises arteriole pressure
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13
Q

What are effects of blood flow out of the arteries?

3

A
  • Drains arteries
  • Decreases arterial blood volume
  • Lowers arterial pressure
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14
Q

What are causes of blood flow in to the arteries?

3

A
  • Ventricular contraction
  • Ejection of blood
  • Cardiac output
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15
Q

What are contributing factors to blood flow out of the arteries?
(2)

A
  • Capillary flow

- Controlled by resistance of the arteries

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16
Q

A balance of blood flow in and blood flow out determines what?

A

Blood pressure

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17
Q

What does an increase of cardiac output do to blood flow?

A

Increases inflow

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18
Q

What does an increase in resistance do to blood flow?

A

Decreases outflow

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19
Q

What does an increase in cardiac output and resistance do?

A

Increases arterial volume and pressure

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20
Q

What is the equation for Mean arteriole pressure?

A

Arterial pressure = Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

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21
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

22
Q

What is stroke volume determined by?

A

Contraction strength

23
Q

What is heart rate determined by?

A

Contraction speed

24
Q

What is the approach of small animals to meeting cardiac output needs?

A

High heart rates with a small stroke volume

25
Q

What is the approach of large animals to meeting cardiac output needs?

A

High stroke volume with a small heart rate

26
Q

How does a failing heart meet the needs of cardiac output?

A

Increased heart rate to make up for a small stroke volume

27
Q

What happens to the heart during exercise?

A

Heart rate/stroke volume increase leading to a larger cardiac output

28
Q

What 2 systems are used by the brain to control and respond to changes in blood pressure?

A
  • Afferent input

- Effect output

29
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Blood pressure sensors

30
Q

What kind of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

Stretch receptors

31
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the walls of arteries

32
Q

How does the brain sense pressure changes in the arteries?

A

Through baroreceptors

33
Q

What does the carotid artery supply blood too?

A

The brain

34
Q

What do baroreceptors do when the blood pressure is optimal in arteries?

A

It send a signal to the brain at a constant optimal pace

35
Q

What do baroreceptors do when the blood pressure rises in arteries?

A

It sends a signal to the brain at an increased pace above what is seen as optimal

36
Q

What do baroreceptors do when the blood pressure falls in arteries?

A

It sends a signal to the brain at an decreased pace below what is seen as optimal

37
Q

What 2 signalling systems does the brain use to control heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic/sympathetic systems

38
Q

What system used by the brain slows down heart rate?

A

The parasympathetic system

39
Q

What system used by the brain speed up heart rate?

A

The sympathetic system

40
Q

What pathway does the parasympathetic system follow to innervate the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes?

A

The vagus nerve

41
Q

What pathway does the sympathetic system follow to innervate the sinoatrial, atrioventricular nodes and the ventricle walls?

A

Down to the sympathetic trunk ganglion then out through the sympathetic cardiac nerves

42
Q

What parts of the heart are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

SA and AV nodes

43
Q

What parts of the heart are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

SA/AV nodes and the ventricle walls

44
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system act on the SA/AV nodes?

A

It slows the amount of the signals sent by the sinoatrial node and increases the length of the delay on signals induced by the AV node

45
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system act on the SA/AV nodes?

A

It increases the amount of the signals sent by the sinoatrial node and decreases the length of the delay on signals induced by the AV node

46
Q

What happens to stroke volume as the body is positioned upright during the tilt test?

A

It decreases slightly

47
Q

What happens to cardiac output as the body is positioned upright during the tilt test?

A

It decreases

48
Q

What happens to heart rate as the body is positioned upright during the tilt test?

A

It increases

49
Q

How is MAP maintained whilst cardiac output decreases during the tilt test?

A

Total peripheral resistance increases

50
Q

What is Cardiac output calculated by?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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