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HUBS 192 > Lecture 15: The Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 15: The Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the LRT?

5

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

Where does the LRT want to conduct air form/to?

A

The site of gas exchange

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3
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract do to inspired air?

A

Completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air

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4
Q

What does the LRT provide in terms of a site for gas exchange?
(2)

A
  • Provides a barrier between the air and blood

- Large surface area for gas exchange

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5
Q

The larynx is a passage for what?

A

Air only

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6
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

Anterior to the oesophagus from the hyoid bone to trachea

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7
Q

What cartilage protects and maintains an open airway?

A
  • Cricoid cartilage

- Tracheal cartilage

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8
Q

What does the Epiglottis do?

A

Closes over the airway when swallowing

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9
Q

What is the Glottis?

A

Voicebox

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10
Q

What happens at the vocal folds/cords?

A

Passing air causes vibrations therefore sound waves

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11
Q

What are the vocal folds/cords used for?

A

Normal phonation

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12
Q

What does testosterone do to the vocal cords?

A

Affects cartilage and muscle resulting in longer and thicker folds therefore a deeper voice

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13
Q

What are the vocal folds/vocal cords also known as?

A

True vocal cords

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14
Q

What are the Vestibular folds also know as?

A

False vocal cords

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15
Q

Where are the vestibular folds?

A

Superior to the vocal folds

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16
Q

What is the role of the Vestibular fold?

A

Prevent foreign objects entering into the glottis

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17
Q

What can the Vestibular fold produce?

A

Very deep sounds

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18
Q

Where is the Trachea?

A

Anterior to the oesophagus between the larynx and the bronchi

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19
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Maintain a patent airway

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20
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

c-shaped cartilage rings where the ends are connected by a band of smooth muscle

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21
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle that connects the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea?

A

Trachealis

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22
Q

What causes coughing?

A

Contracting of trachealis

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23
Q

What is the lamina propia/submucosa layers of the trachea made of?

A

Many elastin fibres

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24
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

25
Q

What happens to debris in the trachea?

A

It is removed by the Mucociliary escalator to the pharynx, to be swallowed and digested

26
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

Mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands trap debris and cilia move it to the pharynx

27
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3 lobes

28
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2 lobes

29
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where bronchi & blood vessels enter the lungs

30
Q

Where is the apex of the lung?

A

The superior region of the lungs

31
Q

Where is the base of the lung?

A

The inferior region of the lungs

32
Q

What is at the start of the bronchial tree?

A

The trachea

33
Q

What branches off the trachea in the bronchial tree?

A

Primary bronchi

34
Q

What branches off the primary bronchi in the bronchial tree?

A

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

35
Q

What branches off the secondary (lobar) bronchi in the bronchial tree?

A

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

36
Q

What branches off the tertiary bronchi in the bronchial tree?

A

Bronchioles

37
Q

What branches off the Bronchioles in the bronchial tree?

A

Terminal bronchioles

38
Q

What is the Trachea lined with and made from?

2

A
  • Respiratory epithelium

- C-shaped cartilage rings

39
Q

What is the primary bronchi lined with and made from?

A

Lined with respiratory epithelium and made from cartilage and complete smooth muscle rings

40
Q

What is the secondary and tertiary bronchi lined with and made from?

A

Lined with respiratory epithelium made from cartilage plates

41
Q

What happens to the respiratory epithelium in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Starts to decrease in height and goblet cell numbers reduce

42
Q

What are the Bronchioles lined with and made from?

A

Lined with cuboidal epithelium and made from thick smooth muscle

43
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction/dilation?

A

Smooth muscle in the bronchioles

44
Q

What do terminal bronchioles supply?

A

Each pulmonary lobule

45
Q

What are Pulmonary lobules made of?

A

Many alveoli (air sacs) arranged like bunches of grapes

46
Q

Roughly how many Alveoli are there per lung?

A

150 million

47
Q

What do the Alveoli provide to the respiratory zone?

A

Most of the lung volume and an enormous surface area

48
Q

Alveolar walls are very thin and made of what?

A

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

49
Q

What are the external surfaces of alveoli covered with?

A

A fine network of pulmonary capillaries

50
Q

What are Pneumocytes?

A

Lung epithelial cells

51
Q

What kind of cells are type 1 Pneumocytes?

A

Squamous

52
Q

What kind of cells are type 2 Pneumocytes?

A

Cuboidal

53
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes form?

A

The respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

54
Q

Where are type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Scattered amongst type 1 pneumocytes

55
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes secrete?

A

Surfactant, a complex lipoprotein

56
Q

What does Lipoprotein do?

A

Reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

57
Q

What do roaming macrophage do?

A

Remove debris that makes it to alveoli

58
Q

What 3 parts make the blood air barrier?

A
  • Alveolar cell layer
  • Fused basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
  • Capillary endothelium

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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