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HUBS 192 > Lecture 14: The Upper Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 14: The Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

Conducts warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange

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2
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Connected organs/structures that perform functions

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3
Q

To be effective what does the respiratory system need?

3

A
  • A surface for gas exchange
  • A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition
  • Ability to draw breath in and out
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4
Q

What is needed as a part of an efficient gas exchange surface?

A

Blood and air to be close, but not in contact

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5
Q

What are 2 additional function of the respiratory system?

A
  • Produce sound

- Olfaction

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6
Q

What does URT stand for?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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7
Q

What does LRT stand for?

A

Lower respiratory tract

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8
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

5

A
  • URT
  • LRT
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Joints
  • Respiratory muscles
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9
Q

What is a function of the Nasal cavity?

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

What is a function of the Oral cavity

A

Passage for air and food

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11
Q

Where does the Conducting region stem?

A

The nose to bronchioles

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12
Q

What is a function of the conducting region?

A

Ensure air is warm, clean and moist

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13
Q

What is a function of the Respiratory region?

A

Sites of gas exchange

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14
Q

What is included in the Respiratory region?

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

What are most body organs lined with?

A

A mucosa

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16
Q

What is mucosa composed of?

A

Epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propia

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17
Q

What is the lamina propia?

A

Connective tissue, which may contain glands

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18
Q

What is usually below the mucosa?

A

Submucosal layer

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19
Q

What may be contained in the submucosal layer depending on the region?

A

Glands

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20
Q

What is the respiratory tract lined with?

A

Mucosa

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21
Q

What happens to the epithelium along the respiratory tract?

A

It changes to reflect function

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22
Q

What is most of the conducting region lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

What is the area where air and food travel lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What is the site of gas exchange lined with?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What is Olfaction lined with?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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26
Q

What is the description of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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27
Q

What do Goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

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28
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Traps debris, moistens air

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29
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

Produce patterned movement that pushes mucus towards the pharynx

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30
Q

What can happen to mucus in the respiratory tract?

A

Swallowed and digested by stomach acid

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31
Q

What are the components of the URT?

3

A
  • Nose & Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
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32
Q

What are the components of the Pharynx?

3

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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33
Q

What is the function of the URT?

A

Conducting passage, that prepares air for the respiratory membrane making it warm, clean and moist

34
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Resonating chambers for speech

35
Q

What is olfaction made of?

A

Sensory receptors for smell

36
Q

What is the primary passageway for air?

A

The nose

37
Q

What is the bridge of the nose made of?

A

2 nasal bones (nasal septum)

38
Q

What are the physical features of the nose cartilages?

2

A
  • Soft

- Flexible

39
Q

What is the function of cartilages in the nose?

A

Maintain patent/unobstructed airways

40
Q

What is contained within the nostrils of the nose?

A

External/anterior nares

41
Q

What is the nose?

A

A vestibule lined with skin

42
Q

What are accessory features found within the nose?

2

A
  • Sebaceous/sweat glands

- Hair follicles

43
Q

What filters inhaled air in the nose?

A

Vibrissae (hairs of the nose)

44
Q

Where is the nasal septum?

A

In the midline of the nasal complex

45
Q

What is the anterior and posterior of the nasal complex made of?
(2)

A
  • Anterior is cartilage

- Posterior is bone

46
Q

What do the internal/posterior nares open into?

A

The nasal pharynx

47
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

Ethmoid and Sphenoid bones

48
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

Hard and soft palates

49
Q

What are on the lateral walls of the the nasal complex?

A

Conchae

50
Q

What are Conchae?

A

Projections from the nasal wall

51
Q

What are the names of the 3 conchae?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
52
Q

What covers Conchae?

A

Respiratory epithelium

53
Q

What is the function of Conchae?

A

Cause inspired air to swirl and cause particles to stick to the mucosa, allowing more time for warming/humidifying of air plus olfactory detection

54
Q

What’s the Nasal cavity covered with?

A

Respiratory epithelium with an area of olfactory mucosa

55
Q

What is contained within an area on the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

smell (olfactory) receptors

56
Q

What does the epithelium sit on top of?

A

Lamina propia

57
Q

What does the plexus of thin walled veins in the nasal mucosa do?

A

Helps warm incoming air (radiation)

58
Q

What happens when cold air comes into the nasal mucosa?

A

The vascular plexus dilates meaning greater heat transfer

59
Q

What are sinus’s?

A

Cavity’s within a bone

60
Q

What does paranasal mean?

A

Surrounding the nose

61
Q

Where are paranasal sinus found?

A

Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

62
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

63
Q

Where do the sinus drain?

A

Into the pharynx

64
Q

What are functions of the Paranasal sinuses?

3

A
  • Lighten skull
  • Increase surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
  • Sound resonance
65
Q

What can infected mucus do to paranasal sinuses?

A

Block drainage leading to blocked sinus

66
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

A muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system

67
Q

What is the pharynx commonly called?

A

The throat

68
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
69
Q

What is the nasopharynx a passage for?

A

Air only

70
Q

What lines the Nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory mucosa

71
Q

Where is the Nasopharynx located?

A

From the posterior of the nasal cavity (posterior nares) to the soft palate

72
Q

What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity?

A

Soft palate and uvula

73
Q

Where do auditory tubes drain from into the nasopharynx?

A

The middle ear

74
Q

What is on the posterior walls of the Nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

75
Q

What is the Oropharynx a passage for?

A

Air and food

76
Q

What lines the Oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium to protect against abrasion

77
Q

Where is the Oropharynx?

A

Soft palate to hyoid bone

78
Q

What 2 tonsils are present in the oropharynx?

A
  • Palatine

- Lingual

79
Q

What is the Laryngopharynx a passage for?

A

Air and food

80
Q

What is the Laryngopharynx lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

Where is the Laryngopharynx?

A

From the hyoid bone to opening of the larynx/beginning of the esophagus

82
Q

What has right of way along the Laryngopharynx whilst swallowing?

A

Food

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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