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HUBS 192 > Lecture 16: Anatomy of the Thorax & Breathing (ventilation) > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Anatomy of the Thorax & Breathing (ventilation) Flashcards

1
Q

What are our body cavities lined with?

A

Serous membranes

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2
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Double layer of secretory tissue with fluid between layers

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3
Q

What layer of serous membrane lies on the organ?

A

Visceral layer

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4
Q

What layer of serous membrane lies on the body wall?

A

Parietal layer

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of serous membrane in the Thoracic cavity?

A
  • Pericardium

- Pleura

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6
Q

What is an examples of serous membrane in the Abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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7
Q

What are 2 devisions of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • Mediastinum

- Pleural cavities

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8
Q

What is contained within the Mediastinum?

3

A
  • Heart
  • Vessels
  • Pericardium
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9
Q

What is contained within the pleural cavities?

A

Lungs

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10
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Sternum

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11
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Ribs

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13
Q

What is the superior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Base of the neck

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14
Q

What is the Inferior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

Why are the Pleural cavities seperate?

A

So if one stops functioning, you have another

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16
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Where the primary bronchus and vessels enter

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17
Q

What is ventilation of the lung driven by?

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What is the relationship of pressure to volume?

A

Inversely proportional

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19
Q

What happens when the volume of the thorax is changed?

A

The pressure is also changed

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20
Q

What changes occur to volume during inspiration?

A

Volume increases

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21
Q

What changes occur to volume during expiration?

A

Volume decreases

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22
Q

What law determines the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas?

A

Boyle’s Law

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23
Q

What is Boyle’s law equation?

A

P = 1/V

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24
Q

What is pressure measured by?

A

Collisions

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25
Q

What does a smaller space mean for collisions and pressure?

A

More collisions therefore more pressure

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26
Q

What does a bigger space mean for collisions and pressure?

A

Less collision therefore less pressure

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27
Q

What does air try and move towards?

A

Lower pressure space

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28
Q

What needs to be established in order to breath?

A

A pressure gradient

29
Q

Between breathes what happens to the pressure inside of and outside of the cavity?

A

They are equal

30
Q

What happens to air flow when there is an increased volume in the thoracic cavity?

A

Air flows in due to an decrease in pressure

31
Q

What happens to air flow when there is a decreased volume in the thoracic cavity?

A

Air flows out due to an increase of pressure

32
Q

What connects the bone of the ribs to the sternum?

A

Costal (hyaline) cartilage

33
Q

What type of joints are the sternocostal joints

A

Synovial, the exception being the 1st which is cartilaginous

34
Q

How many sternocostal joints are their on either side of the sternum?

A

7

35
Q

What connects the bone of the ribs to the costal cartilage?

A

Costochondral joints

36
Q

What kind of joints are costochondral joints?

A

Cartilaginous

37
Q

What connects costal cartilage from different ribs together?

A

Interchondral joints

38
Q

What kind of joints are the interchondral joints?

A

Synovial

39
Q

What kind of joint are between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs?

A

Synovial joints

40
Q

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the transverse process of vertebrae?

A

Costotransverse

41
Q

What is the name of the joint between the rib and the body of vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral

42
Q

What do the respiratory muscles do?

A

Move the rib cage allowing us to breathe

43
Q

What are the primary inspiration muscles?

2

A
  • Diaphragm

- Intercostals

44
Q

When are accessory muscles activated?

A

Only when needed

45
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of skeletal muscle

46
Q

What does the diaphragm seperate?

A

The thorax from the abdomen

47
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?

A

Dome-shaped

48
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?

A

Flattened

49
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the thoracic/abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Expands the thoracic cavity, compresses the abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

What do intercostal muscles attach to and how do attach?

A

They attach too neighbouring ribs and they do so diagonally

51
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Lift the ribcage and expand the cavity

52
Q

What type of inspiration are external intercostals used for?

A

Quiet and forced

53
Q

What do the internal intercostals do?

A

Depress ribcage and decrease cavity

54
Q

What does the diaphragm do during normal quiet inspiration?

A

Contracts thus flattening

55
Q

What do the external intercostals do during normal quiet inspiration?

A

Contract lifting ribs

56
Q

Along side the actions of quiet inspiration what happens during forced inspiration?

A

Accessory muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity

57
Q

What does the diaphragm do during normal quiet expiration?

A

Relaxes thus going dome shaped

58
Q

What do the external intercostals do during normal quiet expiration?

A

relax no longer lifting ribs

59
Q

Along side the actions of quiet expiration what happens during forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals contract depressing the ribs and accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume

60
Q

Because lung tissues is elastic what is it always trying to do?

A

Recoil

61
Q

What do the pleura do to the lungs?

A

Make the lungs stick to the thoracic wall

62
Q

What does lung volume do during inspiration?

A

Increases

63
Q

What does lung volume do during expiration?

A

Decrease

64
Q

What does the visceral pleura lie against?

A

The lungs

65
Q

What does the parietal pleura lie against?

A

Thoracic wall

66
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural fluid

67
Q

What does pleural fluid enable for the lungs movement?

A

Frictionless movement against other structures

68
Q

What does the fluid bond of pleural fluid cause the lungs to do?

A

Stick to the thoracic wall

69
Q

As the lungs are stuck to the thoracic wall what does thoracic wall movement cause?

A

Lung movement

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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