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HUBS 192 > Lecture 1: Anatomy of the Skin, part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Anatomy of the Skin, part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does our skin protect?

A

Underlying tissues and organs

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2
Q

What does our skin protect our tissues/organs from?

4

A
  • Impact
  • Abrasion
  • Fluid floss
  • Chemical attack
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3
Q

What does are skin excrete? (3)

A
  • Salts
  • Water
  • Organic wastes
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4
Q

How does our skin excrete substance?

A

Through integumentary glands

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5
Q

How does our skin help maintain our body temperature?

2

A
  • Insulation

- Evaporative cooling

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6
Q

What are three things produced by our skin?

3

A
  • Melanin
  • Keratine
  • Vitamin D3
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7
Q

What is the function of Melanin?

A

Protect underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation

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8
Q

What is the function of Keratin?

2

A
  • Protects against abrasion

- Acts as water repellent

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9
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D3?

A

Involved in calcium metabolism

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10
Q

What is Vitamin D3?

A

Steroid hormone

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11
Q

What is Vitamin D3 converted to?

A

Calcitriol

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12
Q

What is stored in the skin?

A

Lipids

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13
Q

Where are lipids stored in the dermis?

A

Adipocytes

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14
Q

Where are lipids stored in the subcutaneous layer?

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

What can our skin detect? (4)

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  • Temperature
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16
Q

What does our skin relay information to?

A

The nervous system

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17
Q

What can lipid/fat reserves be used for?

A

Energy

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18
Q

How does skin Anatomy relate to its function or performance?
(4)

A
  • Ageing
  • Pigmentation
  • Skin cancer
  • Tattoo
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19
Q

What are 2 functions of skin pigmentation?

A
  • Protection from UV radiation

- Vitamin D production

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20
Q

Does protection from UV radiation require high or low pigmentation?

A

High pigmentation

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21
Q

Does Vitamin D production require high or low pigmentation?

A

Low pigmentation

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22
Q

What is the ‘lowest’ level of biological organisation?

A

Chemical level

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23
Q

What is the ‘middle’ level of biological organisation?

A

Cellular level

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24
Q

What is the ‘highest’ level of biological organisation?

A

Tissue level

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25
Q

What are the 4 tissue-types?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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26
Q

What are the functions of
Epithelial Tissue?
(3)

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal surfaces
  • Form secretory glands
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27
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissues?

3

A
  • Fills internal space
  • Provides structural support
  • Stores energy
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28
Q

What are the functions of Muscle Tissue?

A

Contracts to produce movement

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29
Q

What are the functions of Nervous tissues?

2

A
  • Conducts electrical impulses

- Carries information

30
Q

How many primary layers of Skin are there?

A

3

31
Q

What are the 3 primary layers of skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
32
Q

What 2 layers compose the Cutaneous membrane?

A
  • Epidermis

- Dermis

33
Q

What layer composes the Subcutaneous layer?

A

Hypodermis

34
Q

What are features of the Epidermis?

3

A
  • Stratified barrier
  • Mostly keratinocytes
  • No circulation (avascular)
35
Q

What are features of the Dermis?

2

A
  • Contains protein fibres for strength

- Vascular (nourishes epidermis)

36
Q

What layers comprise the Dermis?

2

A
  • Papillary layer

- Reticular layer

37
Q

What layers comprise the Epidermis?

5

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidem
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
38
Q

What Epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidem

39
Q

What does Reticular layer/structure mean?

A

Mesh like structure, comprised mainly of collagen

40
Q

What is the purpose of the wavy Papillary layer/Epidermal ridge?

A

Increase surface area between Dermis/Epidermis

41
Q

What are features of the Stratum Corneum (horny layer)?

2

A
  • Dead layer

- Dried-out hard cells with no nuclei

42
Q

What are features of the Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)?
(2)

A

Contains granules that promote:

  • Dehydration of the cell
  • Cross linking of keratin fibres
43
Q

What are the features of the Stratum Spinosum (spinous, spiny or prickle cell layer)?
(2)

A
  • Desmosomes link cells together

- Cells become increasingly flattened as they move upwards

44
Q

What are the features of the stratum basale (basal layer)?

2

A
  • Columnar regenerative cells

- As the basal cell divides, a daughter cell migrates upwards to replenish the layer above

45
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

Cells with large amounts of keratin

46
Q

What is special about the Stratum Corneum?

A

It can be completely removed

47
Q

What does the epidermis act as for keratinocytes?

A

It acts as a Keratinocyte conveyor

48
Q

What tissue type dominates the Epidermis?

A

Epithelial tissue

49
Q

What are the 2 types of Epithelia?

A

Simple/Stratified Epithelia

50
Q

What are the cell types of either simple or stratified Epithelia?
(3)

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
51
Q

What is the cell structure of the Epidermis?

A

Stratified Squamous epithelium

52
Q

What are features of the Dermis?

3

A
  • Not shed
  • contain protein fibres for strength
  • Vascular (nourishes the epidermis)
53
Q

What are the protein fibres contained with in the Dermis?

2

A

Collagen/Elastin

54
Q

Features of the Hypodermis?

2

A
  • Contains adipose tissue (for insulation)

- Is subcutaneous

55
Q

Where is ‘thick skin’ found?

A

Palms of hands and Soles of feet

56
Q

What are features of ‘thick skin’?

2

A
  • No hair

- Extra epidermal layer

57
Q

What are the results of ageing skin?

6

A
  • Thin epidermis
  • Thin dermis
  • Slower skin repair
  • Drier epidermis
  • Impaired cooling
  • Less pigmentation
58
Q

What causes sagging/wrinkling in ageing skin?

A

Reduced collagen

59
Q

What causes a Drier Epidermis in ageing skin?

A

Less Sebum

60
Q

What causes impaired cooling in ageing skin?

A

Less sweat/perspiration

61
Q

What is a physical result of less skin pigmentation?

2

A
  • Pale skin

- Grey hair

62
Q

What are physiological responses to skin ageing?

6

A
  • Altered hair follicle and fat distribution
  • Fewer active follicles
  • Slower skin repair
  • Reduced blood supply
  • Diminished immune response
  • Fewer Melanocytes
63
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A

Specialised skin cells that produce Melanin

64
Q

What does smoking do to skin ageing?

A

It increases skin ageing

65
Q

How does smoking effect skin ageing?

3

A
  • ‘Reactive oxygen’ damages collagen and elastin
  • Causes vasoconstriction
  • Nicotine increases Vasopressin
66
Q

What is Vasopressin?

A

A pituitary hormone which increases blood pressure

67
Q

What are the functions of Skin?

6

A
  • Protect
  • Excrete
  • Maintain
  • Synthesis products
  • store
  • Detect
68
Q

What is the largest and most visible organ of the body?

A

The Skin

69
Q

What % of body weight is skin?

A

16%

70
Q

What is the approximate surface area of skin?

A

1.5 - 2 square meters

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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