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HUBS 192 > Lecture 19: Gas transport and respiratory control > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Gas transport and respiratory control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways in which oxygen is carried in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in the blood

- Bound to haemoglobin in RBC’s

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2
Q

How much oxygen can dissolve in a litre of blood?

A

3mL

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3
Q

Is oxygen being dissolved in the blood an efficient way to deliver oxygen around the body?

A

No

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4
Q

What is the most efficient way to transport oxygen?

A

Bind oxygen to haemoglobin

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5
Q

What does oxygen form an easily reversible combination with?

A

Haemoglobin

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6
Q

What does oxygen binding with haemoglobin give?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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7
Q

What does oxygen binding to haemoglobin depend on?

A

The partial pressure of Oxygen

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8
Q

What does oxygen bind to in haemoglobin?

A

To the iron in the heme of the haemoglobin

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9
Q

How many oxygens can haemoglobin bind?

A

4 one to each heme

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10
Q

What is haemoglobin saturation?

A

Percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment

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11
Q

What is the average oxygen saturation of blood entering the systemic circuit?

A

95%

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12
Q

What is the average saturation of oxygen in blood leaving peripheral tissues?

A

75%

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13
Q

What is the average saturation of oxygen in active muscle tissue?

A

20-25%

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14
Q

What is the shape of the oxygen-haemoglobin curve?

A

Sigmoidal

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15
Q

Where the oxygen-haemoglobin slope is steep what happens when there is a very small change in the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

A large change in the amount of oxygen bound to the haemoglobin

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16
Q

The oxygen haemoglobin saturation curve does what with conditions?

A

Varies to improve oxygen uptake / delivery

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17
Q

What causes the Oxygen haemoglobin curve to be moved to the right?
(3)

A
  • Reduced pH (Bohr’s effect)
  • Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  • Increased temperature
    (usually the effects of exercise)
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18
Q

What causes the Oxygen haemoglobin curve to be moved to the left?
(3)

A
  • Increased pH (Bohr’s effect)
  • Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  • Reduced temperature
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19
Q

What does exercise cause pH and temperature to do?

A

Causes pH to drop and temperature to rise

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20
Q

What 3 forms can carbon dioxide be transported in?

A
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • As bicarbonate
  • Combined with proteins as carbamino compounds
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21
Q

How many times more soluble is carbon dioxide in plasma then oxygen?

A

20 times

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22
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma?

A

7%

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23
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate?

A

70%

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24
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is transported combined with proteins as carbamino compounds?

A

23%

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25
Q

What happens when carbon dioxide reacts with water?

A

Carbonic acid forms

26
Q

What enzyme mediates the formation of carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

27
Q

As a result of carbonic acid being a very unstable molecule what does it dissociate into?
(2)

A
  • Hydrogen ions

- Bicarbonate ions

28
Q

How do hydrogen ions get to the alveoli?

A

They bind to haemoglobin and get transported there

29
Q

What are the central controllers of the brain?

3

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Other parts of the brain
30
Q

What signals are sent from the brain to control breathing?

A

Efferent signals

31
Q

What are the effectors that control breathing?

A

Muscles of respiration

32
Q

What are the 4 sensors that control breathing?

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Lung stretch receptors
  • Protective reflexes
33
Q

What composes the higher centres in respiratory control?

3

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Limbic system
  • Hypothalamus
34
Q

What do the higher centres do?

A

Control and alter the activity of the pneumotaxic centres

35
Q

Where are the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centres found?

A

In the pons

36
Q

What do the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centres do?

A

Adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centres

37
Q

Of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centre which is superior?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

38
Q

How does the Apneustic centre adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centres?

A

Causes the centres to speed up

39
Q

How does the Pneumotaxic centre adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centres?

A

Sends inhibitory signals causing the centres to slow down

40
Q

What is the most superior centre of the respiratory rhythmicity centres?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

41
Q

What is the most inferior centre of the respiratory rhythmicity centres?

A

Pre-Botzinger complex

42
Q

Where are the respiratory rhythmicity centres found?

A

Medulla oblongata

43
Q

What is the role of the respiratory rhythmicity centre?

2

A
  • Generate cycles of contraction and relaxation in the diaphragm, establishing the pace of respiration
  • Modify activity in response to chemical and pressure signals
44
Q

What does the inspiratory centre of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) control?
(2)

A
  • Signals to the diaphragm

- Signals to the external intercostal muscles

45
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) contain?

2

A
  • Inspiratory centres

- Expiratory centres

46
Q

What does the inspiratory centres in the ventral respiratory group control?

A

Sending signals to the accessory inspiratory muscles

47
Q

What does the expiratory centres in the ventral respiratory group control?

A

Sending signals to the accessory expiratory muscles

48
Q

What does the Pre-Botzinger complex do?

A

Acts as the pace maker of respiration

49
Q

What is an increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide called?

A

Hypercapnia

50
Q

What is a decrease in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide called?

A

Hypocapnia

51
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Carbon dioxide receptors

52
Q

What is the most important receptor in determining carbon dioxide respiratory activity?

A

Chemoreceptors

53
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptor?

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors

- Central chemoreceptors

54
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A
  • Carotid bodies

- Aortic arch

55
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

Ventral side of the medulla

56
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Hydrogen ions due to changes in carbon dioxide

57
Q

Baroreceptors are blood pressure receptors as well as what?

A

Respiratory receptors

58
Q

What happens when arterial blood pressure goes down and reduces flow?

A

It is sensed by the baroreceptors causing the respiratory minute volume to go up increasing the uptake of air

59
Q

What happens when arterial blood pressure goes up and increases flow?

A

It is sensed by the baroreceptors causing the respiratory minute volume to go down decreasing the uptake of air

60
Q

What happens as the lungs inflate or deflate?

A

They send afferent input from stretch receptors

61
Q

Following the brain receiving signals from stretch receptors in the lungs what happens?

A

The brain sends efferent output preventing them from stretching to far either way

62
Q

What happens when receptors detect irritation and alert the brain?

A

The brain sends efferent signals that trigger a sneeze or a cough

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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