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HUBS 192 > Lecture 21: The Stomach and Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 21: The Stomach and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the oesophagus?

A

J-shaped

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2
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

At the base of the oesophagus

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3
Q

What does the oesophagus pass through to get to the stomach?

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

What is the passage that the oesophagus takes through the diaphragm called?

A

Oesophageal hiatus

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5
Q

Where is the lower oesophageal sphincter located?

A

At the base of the oesophagus and start of the stomach

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6
Q

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevent reflux

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7
Q

What 4 main part make up the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus (pyloric antrum)
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8
Q

Where is the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Lateral side of the stomach

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9
Q

Where is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Medial side of the stomach

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10
Q

What is omentum?

A

A double layer of peritoneum that connects one organ to another

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11
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

The stomach to the liver

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12
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Stomach to transverse colon

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13
Q

What makes up the muscularis of the stomach?

3

A
  • Oblique
  • Circular
  • Longitudinal
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14
Q

What is the muscularis modified for?

A

Motility

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15
Q

Where is the muscularis thicker in the stomach?

A

In the distal regions of the stomach when compared to the proximal end

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16
Q

What composes the pyloric part of the stomach?

4

A
  • Pyloric antrum
  • Pyloric canal
  • Pyloric orifice
  • Pyloric sphincter
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17
Q

What are rugae?

A

Temporary folds in the stomach that allow for expansion

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18
Q

What are rugae important for?

A

Storage function

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19
Q

How are rugae composed?

A

A folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

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20
Q

What is the mucosa of our gut tube comprised of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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21
Q

What does in-folding do to the mucosa in our gut?

A

Increases surface area for secretion

22
Q

Are gastric glands temporary or permanent?

A

Permanent

23
Q

What do we need acid and enzymes for?

A

Digestion

24
Q

What do we need mucous for?

A

Protection

25
Q

What do we need hormones for?

A

Regulation

26
Q

On the surface of the epithelium and the neck of the glands what do goblet cells do?

A

Secret mucous for protection

27
Q

What do parietal cells of gastric glands do?

A

Secret acid and intrinsic factor

28
Q

What do G cells of gastric glands do?

A

Secrete hormones (gastrin)

29
Q

What do chief cells of gastric glands do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin)

30
Q

What are 3 features of chief cells?

A
  • Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Apical zymogen granules (contain enzymes)
  • Basal nucleus
31
Q

What are 4 features of parietal cells?

A
  • Pump hydrogen ions
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Central nucleus
  • Folded structure to increase surface area
32
Q

Why are chief cells specialised in their structure?

A

To produce protein

33
Q

How are parietal cells specialised in their structure?

A

Lots of mitochondria provide the energy to pump ions against their gradient

34
Q

What endocrine control is involved with the stomach?

A

Endocrine cells in the mucosa secreting gastrin/ghrelin into the blood stream

35
Q

What neural control is involved with the stomach?

A

The enteric nervous system - local reflexes (primary control)

36
Q

What does the CNS modulate around the stomach?

A

Enteric nervous system function, long neural reflexes

37
Q

What controls the release of digested material (chyme) from the stomach to the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

38
Q

Once acidic chyme enters the small intestine what is required?
(2)

A
  • Further digestion (enzymes)

- Protection of the small intestine from acidic chyme, using mucous and neutralising acid

39
Q

Where is the mucous produced for the small intestine receiving chyme?

A

Glands in the submucosa of the duodenum

40
Q

What provides the enzymes and bicarbonate for the small intestine receiving chyme?

A

Pancreas

41
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas?

A

In the C-shaped duodenum

42
Q

Where does the tail of the pancreas face towards?

A

The spleen

43
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct go?

A

Into the duodenal lumen

44
Q

Where is the pancreas as a whole located?

A

Retroperitoneal

45
Q

Where does the bile duct meet the pancreatic duct?

A

At the entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

46
Q

Where does the duodenal papilla project?

A

Into the duodenal lumen

47
Q

What is the release of substance from the pancreas controlled by?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

48
Q

What cells are involved in exocrine function of the pancreas?
(2)

A
  • Acinar cells

- Duct cells

49
Q

What do Acinar cells secret?

A

Digestive enzymes

50
Q

What do Duct cells secret?

A

Bicarbonate

51
Q

What are the structural features of pancreatic acinar cells?

3

A
  • Apical zymogen granules
  • Basal nucleus
  • Abundant rough ER

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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