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HUBS 192 > Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System > Flashcards

Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the GI system?

A

Bring nutrients into the internal environment so that they can be used

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2
Q

What functions is the GI system specialised for?

4

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical

- Chemical

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4
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive tract?

6

A
  • Oral cavity (mouth)
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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5
Q

What causes the ends of the GI tract to be closed off?

A

Sphincters

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6
Q

How is the GI system described?

A

Long tube with outgrowths

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

5

A
  • Teeth/tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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8
Q

What type of epithelium is the mouth/oral cavity and oesophagus lined with?

A

Stratified squamous

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the Stomach, Small intestine and large intestine lined with?

A

Simple columnar

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is the Anal canal lined with?

A

Stratified squamous

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11
Q

Why is the epithelium of the mouth/oral and oesophagus stratified squamous?

A

For protection from abrasion

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12
Q

Why is the epithelium of the Stomach, Small intestine and large intestine simple columnar?

A

For secretion and absorption

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13
Q

Why is the epithelium of the anal canal stratified squamous?

A

For protection from abrasion

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14
Q

What is the only type of unicellular gland?

A

Goblet cells

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15
Q

What type of epithelium are goblet cells?

A

Columnar

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16
Q

What is the shape of unicellular glands/goblet cells?

A

Goblet shape

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17
Q

What is contained within goblet cells?

2

A
  • Apical mucous granules

- Basal nucleus

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18
Q

What do multicellular glands do?

A

Their epithelium invaginate into the underlying tissue

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of multicellular glands?

A
  • Simple

- Compound

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20
Q

What are simple glands?

A

Glands with a single duct

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21
Q

What are compound glands?

A

Glands with 2 or more ducts

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of a simple gland?

A
  • Stomach

- Small intestine

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23
Q

What is an example of a compound gland?

A

Salivary gland

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24
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis (externa/proper)
  • Adventitia
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25
What does the mucosa consist of? | 4
- Epithelium - Lamina propria (FCT) - Muscularis Mucosae - Sometimes glands
26
What can be found within the lamina propria of the mucosa? | 2
- Lymphatics | - Blood vessels
27
What does the submucosa consist of? | 2
- Glands | - Blood vessels
28
What is secretion from glands in the submucosa regulated by?
Submucosal nerve plexus
29
What is the submucosal nerve plexus apart of?
The enteric nervous system (ENS)
30
What does the muscularis (externa/proper) consist of?
Smooth muscle
31
What are the 2 main layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?
- Inner circular | - Outer longitudinal
32
Where is the Myenteric plexus found?
In between the inner circular/outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis
33
What is the myenteric plexus apart of?
The enteric nervous system
34
What does the myenteric plexus regulate?
Motility
35
What is the outer most layer of the gut tube?
The adventitia
36
When organs are in the peritoneal cavity what happens?
They have an additional outer covering, the serosa
37
What is the peritoneum?
A serous membrane
38
What 2 layer make up the peritoneum?
- Parietal layer, lining the body wall | - Visceral layer, lining the organs
39
What is found between the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
Fluid
40
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Posterior to the peritoneum
41
What is mesentery?
A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organs to the body wall
42
What is omenta?
A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ
43
Once food is ingested through the mouth/oral cavity where does it go?
Through the fauces, into the oropharynx, then into the oesophagus
44
Once digestion begins what is required?
Enzymes to be applied and lubrication of food
45
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands connected to the oral cavity via ducts?
- Paratoid - Submandibular - Sublingual
46
What does the paratoid gland secret?
Serous fluid with amylase
47
What does the sublingual gland secret?
Mucous
48
What does the submandibular gland secret?
A mix of mucous and serous fluid with amylase
49
What is the total volume of salivary secretions in a day?
1 litre
50
What does acinus mean?
Cells in clusters (these can be found in salivary glands)
51
What type of cells can be found in salivary glands? | 2
- Acinar cells | - Duct cells
52
What do acinar cells secret?
Enzymes (amylase)
53
What do duct cells secret?
bicarbonate (buffer)
54
Where is the oesophagus located?
Posterior to the trachea
55
Where does the oesophagus extend from and to?
From the pharynx to the stomach
56
What does the epiglottis do?
Ensures that food enters the oesophagus not the trachea
57
What does the highly folded submucosa and mucosa of the oesophagus allow for?
The capacity to expand
58
How is the mucosa of the oesophagus lined?
With stratified squamous epithelium
59
What is the function of the muscularis externa?
Move food bolus
60
What is the first 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?
Skeletal muscle
61
What is the second 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?
A mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle
62
What is the third 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?
Smooth muscle
63
What does the oesophagus need mucous for?
Lubrication and protection
64
Instead of goblet cells what does the oesophagus have?
Glands with ducts to the surface

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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