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HUBS 192 > Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System > Flashcards

Lecture 20: The Basic Structure of the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the GI system?

A

Bring nutrients into the internal environment so that they can be used

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2
Q

What functions is the GI system specialised for?

4

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical

- Chemical

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4
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive tract?

6

A
  • Oral cavity (mouth)
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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5
Q

What causes the ends of the GI tract to be closed off?

A

Sphincters

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6
Q

How is the GI system described?

A

Long tube with outgrowths

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

5

A
  • Teeth/tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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8
Q

What type of epithelium is the mouth/oral cavity and oesophagus lined with?

A

Stratified squamous

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the Stomach, Small intestine and large intestine lined with?

A

Simple columnar

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is the Anal canal lined with?

A

Stratified squamous

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11
Q

Why is the epithelium of the mouth/oral and oesophagus stratified squamous?

A

For protection from abrasion

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12
Q

Why is the epithelium of the Stomach, Small intestine and large intestine simple columnar?

A

For secretion and absorption

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13
Q

Why is the epithelium of the anal canal stratified squamous?

A

For protection from abrasion

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14
Q

What is the only type of unicellular gland?

A

Goblet cells

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15
Q

What type of epithelium are goblet cells?

A

Columnar

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16
Q

What is the shape of unicellular glands/goblet cells?

A

Goblet shape

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17
Q

What is contained within goblet cells?

2

A
  • Apical mucous granules

- Basal nucleus

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18
Q

What do multicellular glands do?

A

Their epithelium invaginate into the underlying tissue

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of multicellular glands?

A
  • Simple

- Compound

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20
Q

What are simple glands?

A

Glands with a single duct

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21
Q

What are compound glands?

A

Glands with 2 or more ducts

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of a simple gland?

A
  • Stomach

- Small intestine

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23
Q

What is an example of a compound gland?

A

Salivary gland

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24
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis (externa/proper)
  • Adventitia
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25
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

4

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria (FCT)
  • Muscularis Mucosae
  • Sometimes glands
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26
Q

What can be found within the lamina propria of the mucosa?

2

A
  • Lymphatics

- Blood vessels

27
Q

What does the submucosa consist of?

2

A
  • Glands

- Blood vessels

28
Q

What is secretion from glands in the submucosa regulated by?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

29
Q

What is the submucosal nerve plexus apart of?

A

The enteric nervous system (ENS)

30
Q

What does the muscularis (externa/proper) consist of?

A

Smooth muscle

31
Q

What are the 2 main layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis?

A
  • Inner circular

- Outer longitudinal

32
Q

Where is the Myenteric plexus found?

A

In between the inner circular/outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis

33
Q

What is the myenteric plexus apart of?

A

The enteric nervous system

34
Q

What does the myenteric plexus regulate?

A

Motility

35
Q

What is the outer most layer of the gut tube?

A

The adventitia

36
Q

When organs are in the peritoneal cavity what happens?

A

They have an additional outer covering, the serosa

37
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane

38
Q

What 2 layer make up the peritoneum?

A
  • Parietal layer, lining the body wall

- Visceral layer, lining the organs

39
Q

What is found between the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Fluid

40
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Posterior to the peritoneum

41
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organs to the body wall

42
Q

What is omenta?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

43
Q

Once food is ingested through the mouth/oral cavity where does it go?

A

Through the fauces, into the oropharynx, then into the oesophagus

44
Q

Once digestion begins what is required?

A

Enzymes to be applied and lubrication of food

45
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands connected to the oral cavity via ducts?

A
  • Paratoid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
46
Q

What does the paratoid gland secret?

A

Serous fluid with amylase

47
Q

What does the sublingual gland secret?

A

Mucous

48
Q

What does the submandibular gland secret?

A

A mix of mucous and serous fluid with amylase

49
Q

What is the total volume of salivary secretions in a day?

A

1 litre

50
Q

What does acinus mean?

A

Cells in clusters (these can be found in salivary glands)

51
Q

What type of cells can be found in salivary glands?

2

A
  • Acinar cells

- Duct cells

52
Q

What do acinar cells secret?

A

Enzymes (amylase)

53
Q

What do duct cells secret?

A

bicarbonate (buffer)

54
Q

Where is the oesophagus located?

A

Posterior to the trachea

55
Q

Where does the oesophagus extend from and to?

A

From the pharynx to the stomach

56
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Ensures that food enters the oesophagus not the trachea

57
Q

What does the highly folded submucosa and mucosa of the oesophagus allow for?

A

The capacity to expand

58
Q

How is the mucosa of the oesophagus lined?

A

With stratified squamous epithelium

59
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

Move food bolus

60
Q

What is the first 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle

61
Q

What is the second 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?

A

A mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle

62
Q

What is the third 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

63
Q

What does the oesophagus need mucous for?

A

Lubrication and protection

64
Q

Instead of goblet cells what does the oesophagus have?

A

Glands with ducts to the surface

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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