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HUBS 192 > Lecture 38: Reproductive System V > Flashcards

Lecture 38: Reproductive System V Flashcards

1
Q

What is coitus?

A

Sexual intercourse / copulation

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2
Q

During coitus what happens to the erect penis?

A

It is introduced into the vagina (intromission)

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3
Q

During coitus what happens to semen?

A

It is released into the upper part of the vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to the appropriate site for fertilisation (ampulla of the uterine tube)

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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of the male sexual act?

A
  • Erection of penis (parasympathetic)
  • Emission
  • Expulsion
  • Resolution
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5
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejaculation?

A
  • Emission

- Expulsion

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6
Q

What are the erectile tissues of the penis surrounded by?

A

Different layers of fascia

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7
Q

What happens to lacunae in the penis?

A

They fill with blood during an erection

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8
Q

What is the function of trabeculae in the penis?

A

They seperate out lacunae

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9
Q

What are the layers of fascia in the penis form deepest to most superficial?
(3)

A
  • Tunica albuginea
  • Deep (buck’s fascia)
  • Superficial fascia
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10
Q

What do the structure of the penis and the clitoris share?

A

Developmental origins

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11
Q

What is specific about the tissues of the clitoris?

A

They are erectile such as in the penis

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12
Q

What are the branches off the abdominal aorta that supply the penis with blood?
(4)

A
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Common iliac artery
  • Internal iliac artery
  • Internal pudendal artery
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13
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery feed?

A

The perineum and external genitalia including the penis

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14
Q

What do the branches of the internal pudendal artery include?
(4)

A
  • Artery to bulb
  • Urethral artery
  • Dorsal artery
  • Deep (cavernosal) artery
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15
Q

What happens to blood supply to the penis during an erection?

A

It increases

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16
Q

What is the penis richly innervation by?

A

Sensory and motor nerves

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17
Q

The penis includes sensory fibres that respond to what?

3

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
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18
Q

What do pudendal nerve supply sensory and somatic motor innervation to?
(2)

A
  • Perineum
  • External genitalia (including penis)
    Via the dorsal nerve
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19
Q

What is autonomic innervation to the penis derived from?

A

Pelvic plexus (parasympathetic & sympathetic)

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20
Q

What parasympathetic stimulation is there in an erection?

A
  • Production of nitric oxide (NO, vasodilator) by deep arteries of the penis)
  • Deep arteries dilate and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa
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21
Q

What sympathetic stimulation is there during ejaculation?

3

A
  • Stimulation for the contraction of smooth muscle
  • reproductive glands
  • Accessory glands
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22
Q

What somatic motor stimulation is there during ejaculation?

A

Stimulation for the contraction of skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis

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23
Q

Is the erection of a penis parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

24
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejection?

A
  • Emission

- Expulsion

25
Q

Erection involves parasympathetic response to what?

A

Stimuli

26
Q

During erection arteries in erectile tissue do what?

A

Dilate

27
Q

During erection what happens to erectile tissue?

A

It becomes engorged with blood

28
Q

During an erection an erect penis can be inserted where?

A

Into a vagina (intromission)

29
Q

What type of response is emission?

A

Sympathetic

30
Q

What does the smooth muscle of ductus deferens contract to do during emission?

A

Move sperm into the ampulla (peristaltic contractions)

31
Q

What do the muscle of the ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract to do during emission?

A

Move sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra

32
Q

What happens to semen in the urethra during expulsion?

A

It activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes

33
Q

During expulsion what smooth muscles contract?

A

Urethral smooth muscle

34
Q

During expulsion what happens to the pelvic floor muscles?

A

They contract and semen is ejected

35
Q

What happens during resolution?

2

A
  • Blood flow to the penis is reduced

- Penis becomes flaccid

36
Q

What enlarges in response to autonomic stimulation for females during the female sexual response?

A

Enlargement of the clitoris, labia and vagina

37
Q

During the female sexual response what is their secretion of?
(2)

A
  • Fluid through the vaginal wall

- Secretion of mucus into the vestibule (greater vestibular glands)

38
Q

During the female sexual response there are rhythmic contractions of what?
(3)

A
  • Vaginal
  • Uterine
  • Perineal (pelvic floor) muscles
39
Q

Where do sperm released into the upper part of the vagina during insemination travel?

A

Into the uterine tube to the ampulla for fertilisation

40
Q

During fertilisation what do sperm fuse with?

A

Secondary oocyte

41
Q

What is a fertilised oocyte/ovum known as?

A

A zygote

42
Q

A zygote initiates cleavage and does what?

A

Travels towards the uterus for implantation

43
Q

What is contraception?

A

Any method used to prevent pregnancy

44
Q

What are the 2 types of contraception method?

A
  • Natural

- Artificial

45
Q

What are examples of the artificial method of contraception?

4

A
  • Barrier methods
  • Hormonal contraceptives
  • Intrauterine devices
  • Sterilisation
46
Q

What are 2 common features of natural methods of contraception?

A
  • Relies on timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus

- High failure rate

47
Q

What are the features of caps/diaphragm barrier method of contraception?
(3)

A
  • Imperfect barrier
  • Needs to remain at least 6 hours after intercourse
  • Not commonly used anymore
48
Q

What are common characteristics about condoms?

4

A
  • Cheap
  • Readily available
  • Easy to use
  • Reduce risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI’s)
49
Q

What do combined oral contraceptive pills contain?

2

A
  • Estrogen

- Progestin

50
Q

What do combined oral contraceptive pills suppress?

A

Ovulation (affect feedback loops to hypothalamus and pituitary)

51
Q

What do combined oral contraceptive pills affect the mucus production by?

A

By the cervix

52
Q

What does progestin-only contraception pill affect?

A

Cervical mucus

53
Q

What do subnormal implant/injectable progestins act primarily by?

A

Disrupting follicular growth and ovulation

54
Q

What are 4 features of copper IUD?

A
  • Causes low grade inflammation
  • Reduces sperm transport
  • Toxic to oocytes/zygote
  • Impairs implantation
55
Q

What are 4 features of hormonal IUD?

A
  • Contains progestins
  • Affects cervial mucus, reducing sperm transport
  • Local affects on endometrium
  • May prevent ovulation
56
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

When the uterine tubes are cut

57
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

When vas (ductus) defers are cut?

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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