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HUBS 192 > Lecture 24: Introduction and Motility > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Introduction and Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract regulate?

A

Conditions in the intestinal lumen

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2
Q

What do receptors in the walls of the GI tract respond to?

2

A
  • Stretch

- Strange in composition

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3
Q

What can change in composition within the lumen of the GI tract consist of?
(5)

A
  • pH
  • Osmolarity
  • Amino acids
  • Sugars
  • Fats
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4
Q

What are effectors of the GI tract?

2

A
  • Smooth muscle

- glands

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5
Q

What do reflexes stimulated by receptors cause in the GI tract?
(2)

A
  • Smooth muscle contraction

- Gland secretion

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6
Q

What 2 types of regulation control the GI tract?

A
  • Nervous regulation

- Hormonal regulation

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7
Q

What distance does the central nervous co-ordinate activity of the GI tract over?

A

Long distances

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8
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence the GI tract?

A

It stimulates motility and secretion

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9
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence the GI tract?

A

It inhibits motility and secretion

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10
Q

What does the central nervous system modulate?

A

The activity of the enteric nervous system

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11
Q

What is the enteric nervous system comprised of?

2

A
  • Submucosal plexus

- Myenteric plexus

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12
Q

What does the submucosal plexus regulate?

A

Secretion

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13
Q

What does the myenteric plexus regulate?

A

Motility

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14
Q

What local reflexes is the enteric nervous system involved in?
(2)

A
  • Peristalsis

- Segmentation

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15
Q

The enteric nervous system is totally self what?

A

Contained

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16
Q

The GI tract is the largest what in the body?

A

Largest endocrine organ in the body

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17
Q

What type of functions does the GI tract express?

2

A
  • Endocrine

- Paracrine

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18
Q

What are 4 critical hormones in the GI tract?

A
  • Gastrin
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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19
Q

What does movement through the GI tract at a controlled rate help with?
(3)

A
  • Propulsion
  • Storage
  • Chemical digestion/absorption
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20
Q

What does mechanical digestion do?

A

Increases the surface area of foods

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21
Q

What is mechanical digestion essential for?

A

Chemical digestion

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22
Q

What does mixing in the GI tract aid in?

A

Chemical digestion

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23
Q

What does exposure to absorptive surfaces within the GI tract aid in?

A

Absorption

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24
Q

What is a property of smooth muscle?

A

It contracts spontaneously without external input

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25
Q

How often does the stomach contract?

A

3 times per minute

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26
Q

How often does the duodenum contract?

A

12 times per minute

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27
Q

How often does the ileum contract?

A

9 times per minute

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28
Q

What is the strength of contractions through the GI tract regulated by?
(2)

A
  • Nervous input

- Hormonal input

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29
Q

What generalised motility pattern occurs in a fasting state?

A

Migratory motor complex

30
Q

How often does the migratory motor complex occur?

A

4 hours after a meal, then every 2 hours until you eat again

31
Q

During a feeding state where can storage of material occur?

2

A
  • Stomach

- Colon

32
Q

What does relaxation of smooth muscle in the stomach and colon allow for?

A

Volume to increase without a change in pressure

33
Q

What type of movement causes propulsion throughout the GI tract?

A

Peristalsis

34
Q

What type of movement causes mixing in the stomach?

A

Retropulsion

35
Q

What type of movement causes mixing in the small and large intestine?

A

Segmentation

36
Q

What does chewing do to food?

A

Reduces the size of food

37
Q

What is mixed with food as a result of chewing?

A

Saliva (which is required for taste)

38
Q

As chewing is voluntary what kind of muscle is used?

A

Skeletal muscle

39
Q

Reflex controls what during chewing?

3

A
  • Strength of chewing
  • Frequency of chewing
  • Side of mouth used to chew
40
Q

What happens during swallowing?

A

Material is transferred rapidly from mouth to stomach

41
Q

How is swallowing initiated and how does it proceed?

A

It is initiated at will, then proceeds reflexly

42
Q

What part of the stomach is used for storage?

2

A
  • Fundus

- Body

43
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur within the stomach?

A

Antrum

44
Q

Where does mixing occur within the stomach?

A

Antrum

45
Q

What controls the delivery of substance from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

The pyloric sphincter

46
Q

What happens to the stomach during a fasted state?

A

It shrinks to about 50ml in volume

47
Q

What happens during the first hour of the migratory motor complex?

A

Inactivity

48
Q

How long does uncoordinated activity occur during the migratory motor complex?

A

50 minutes

49
Q

How long does coordinated activity occur during the migratory motor complex?

A

10 minutes

50
Q

What are the functions of the migratory motor complex?

A

House keeping of residual secretions/undigested material

51
Q

During a feeding state what occurs to help allow storage?

A
  • Receptive relaxation

- Gastric accomodation

52
Q

What does nervous regulation through the vagus nerve cause the stomach to do during a feeding state?

A

Increase in volume with minimal change in pressure

53
Q

Where is peristalsis initiated in the stomach and where does it spread to?

A

initiated on the greater curvature of the stomach and spreads to the antrum

54
Q

What happens to activity in the stomach 60 mins after a meal?

A

There is gentle activity

55
Q

What happens 60-300 mins after a meal?

A

There is more intense activity

56
Q

What is retropulsion?

A

A combination of peristalsis and closure of the pyloric sphincter in the stomach causing mechanical breakdown

57
Q

What does the rate of gastric emptying match?

A

The digestive capacity of the intestine

58
Q

What is gastric emptying of the stomach regulated by?

A

Feedback from the duodenum

59
Q

What factors effect the rate of gastric emptying?

2

A
  • Size of a meal

- Composition of a meal

60
Q

What does a larger meal do to the rate of gastric emptying?

A

Increase the rate of gastric emptying

61
Q

What empties from the stomach faster fluids or solids?

A

Fluids

62
Q

What do fats do to gastric emptying?

A

Slow gastric emptying

63
Q

What does motility in the small intestine cause to be mixed with food?
(3)

A
  • Pancreatic secretions
  • Biliary system (liver/gallbladder) secretions
  • Intestine secretions
64
Q

What motility patterns occur between meals in the small intestine?

A

Migratory motor complex

65
Q

What motility patterns occurs after meals in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

66
Q

What does segmentation in the small intestine allow for?

2

A
  • Mixing

- Exposure to absorptive surfaces

67
Q

What is stored in the colon/large intestines?

A

Feaces

68
Q

What does the large intestine experience large periods of?

A

Inactivity

69
Q

What does segmentation in the large intestine allow for?

2

A
  • Exposure to absorptive surfaces

- Absorption of fluid and salts from faeces

70
Q

How often does mass movement occur in the large intestine occur?

A

1-2 times a day following meals

71
Q

What do peristaltic waves in the large intestine do?

2

A
  • Drives faeces into the rectum

- Initiates defecation

HUBS 192 (38 decks)

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